从“科学的代言人”到“当事人的枪手”——专家证人历史沿革与我国现实考察

发布时间：2018-10-08 19:20

【摘要】：英美法系在很早以前就认识到了专家在审判中的重要作用,而具有偏向性专家证人则是对抗制的产物。在中世纪,专家是以陪审团成员或者法官顾问的身份出现在法庭上的,由法官进行引导和控制,以保证其中立性和公正性。16世纪,随着知情陪审团被不知情陪审团所替代,法院开始传唤专家出庭,就某个专业问题向陪审团提供意见和结论。到了18世纪,英美法系审判中对抗的因素越来越多,双方当事人开始传唤专家作为各自的证人出庭提供意见,但18世纪末19世纪初的专家证人并不具有偏向性。直到19世纪中期,专家证人开始为各自当事人的利益服务,在法庭上为就与案件事实相关的专门性问题提出自己的意见,现代意义上的专家证人产生。梳理英美法系专家证人的历史对我国司法鉴定制度改革具有重要的指导意义。我国现已全面确立专家辅助人制度,专家辅助人应当具有中立性,并需构建一系列的程序和制度对专家辅助人的中立性进行保障。
[Abstract]:Anglo-American law system recognized the important role of experts in the trial a long time ago, and biased expert witnesses are the product of confrontation system. In the Middle Ages, experts appeared in court as members of a jury or as an adviser to a judge, guided and controlled by the judge to ensure its neutrality and impartiality. In the 16th century, as informed juries were replaced by uninformed juries, The court began to summon experts to give advice and conclusions to the jury on a professional issue. In the 18th century, there were more and more antagonistic factors in Anglo-American law system trials. Both parties began to call experts as their own witnesses to give advice, but the expert witnesses in the late 18th century and early 19th century were not biased. Until the middle of the 19th century, the expert witnesses began to serve the interests of their respective parties and put forward their own opinions on the special issues related to the facts of the case in the court. In the modern sense, the expert witnesses came into being. Combing the history of expert witnesses in Anglo-American law system has important guiding significance for the reform of judicial expertise system in China. Our country has established the system of expert auxiliaries in an all-round way, and the expert auxiliaries should be neutral, and a series of procedures and systems should be set up to guarantee the neutrality of expert auxiliaries.
【作者单位】：中国社会科学院法学研究所;公安部道路交通安全研究中心;
【分类号】：D916.2

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