法官思维方式探析

发布时间：2018-12-15 20:59

【摘要】：法律需要“法律人”来制定和实施。在众多的“法律人”里面,法官是与实现法治最密切联系的一个群体。法官通过司法审判(法律适用)来连接纠纷与法律,处理两者之间的紧张关系。在我国的司法实践中,法官的思维方式很大程度上决定了司法决定的合理性与合法性,能够反映出司法体制的公正与否,进而影响我国法制建设的进程。本文从法官思维方式的概念、特征和结构入手,着重从实证的角度分析了法官思考的制约因素,提出了外部制约因素和内部(制度)制约因素,接着从规则和原则两个视角阐明了法官思考的基本方法,最后对法官思维方式的完善提出了职业化和独立性两个要求。详言之：第一章,法官思维方式的基本解析。从思维到法律思维(方式)再到法官思维方式,明确了法官思维方式的概念；鉴于法官的地位和司法的职能,列举了法官思维方式的四大特征；提出了法官思维方式的三个构成要素；将法官思维方式与其他五类法律人(立法者、律师、检察官、法学家和行政执法者)的思维方式做了区分。第二章,法官思维方式的外部制约。本章主要从个人因素、经济考量、政治考量和法学教育等四个方面,提出了法官思维方式的外部制约因素。针对每个方面,首先阐明制约因素的含义或者现状,而后主要分析了它们对法官思考的影响和作用。第三章,法官思维方式的内部制约。将对法官思维方式的研究从“人”的层面转向“制度”的层面：一方面中国传统法官思维方式的诸多特点,由于传承的原因,在现今的司法实践中不可避免地留有沉淀；另一方面现今司法体制存在着特有的缺陷(司法体制地方化,多样的监督不力或过强,法院管理行政化和法官非职业化),它们影响着法官的独立思考,有损司法的公正。第四章,法官思考的具体方法。对待法律规则,法官运用的主要是三段论式推理的思维模式,同时注重法律发现、法律解释和法律论证等三个基本方法的掌握,它们与三段论式推理构成了法官思考案件所采用方法的整体；对待法律原则,法官思考的重点在于法律原则的司法效力问题。第五章,我国法官思维方式的完善。本章主要从优化法官职业化思维和完善法官制度的独立性两个方面,对我国法官思维方式的完善提出了见解。优化法官职业化思维主要包括进行精英教育、健全法官选任制度、提高司法技能和建立职业保障制度等四项措施；完善独立的法官制度主要包括去除司法的行政化、转变人大对司法的监督方式和理顺党和司法的关系等三项策略。
[Abstract]:The law needs to be formulated and enforced by the legal person. Among many legal people, judges are most closely related to the realization of the rule of law. Judges deal with tension between disputes and laws by means of judicial trial (application of the law). In the judicial practice of our country, the way of thinking of judges determines to a great extent the rationality and legitimacy of judicial decisions, which can reflect the justice of the judicial system and then affect the process of the construction of our country's legal system. Starting with the concept, characteristics and structure of the judge's thinking mode, this paper analyzes the restrictive factors of judge's thinking from the perspective of demonstration, and puts forward the external restrictive factors and internal (institutional) restrictive factors. Then the author expounds the basic method of judge's thinking from the angle of rules and principles, and finally puts forward two requirements of professionalization and independence to the perfection of judge's thinking mode. The first chapter, the basic analysis of the judge's mode of thinking. From thinking to legal thinking and then to judge's thinking mode, this paper clarifies the concept of judge's thinking mode, enumerates four characteristics of judge's thinking mode in view of judge's position and judicial function. This paper puts forward three elements of the judge's thinking mode, and distinguishes the judge's thinking mode from that of the other five kinds of legal persons (legislators, lawyers, prosecutors, jurists and administrative law enforcers). The second chapter, the external restriction of the judge's mode of thinking. This chapter puts forward the external restrictive factors of judges' thinking mode from four aspects: personal factors, economic considerations, political considerations and legal education. In view of each aspect, the meaning or the present situation of the restriction factors are first clarified, and then the influence and function of these factors on the judges' thinking are analyzed. The third chapter, the internal restriction of the judge's thinking mode. The research on the thinking mode of judges is changed from "human" to "system": on the one hand, many characteristics of Chinese traditional thinking mode of judges are inevitably precipitated in the present judicial practice due to the reasons of inheritance; On the other hand, there are some special defects in the current judicial system (localization of judicial system, weak or too strong supervision of various kinds, administration of court management and non-professionalization of judges), which affect the independent thinking of judges and impair the justice of judicature. The fourth chapter, the concrete method of judge's thinking. In dealing with the rules of law, the judges mainly use a three-paragraph reasoning mode of thinking, and at the same time pay attention to the mastery of the three basic methods of legal discovery, legal interpretation and legal argumentation. They and the three-paragraph reasoning form the whole of the method used by the judge to think about the case; To deal with the principle of law, the judge focuses on the judicial effect of the principle of law. The fifth chapter, the consummation of the judge's thinking mode in our country. This chapter puts forward some opinions on how to perfect the thinking mode of judges in our country from two aspects: optimizing the professional thinking of judges and perfecting the independence of the judge system. To optimize the professional thinking of judges includes four measures: carrying out elite education, perfecting the system of selecting and appointing judges, improving judicial skills and establishing a professional security system. Perfecting the independent judge system mainly includes three strategies: removing the administration of justice, changing the supervision mode of the people's Congress to the judicature and straightening out the relationship between the Party and the judiciary.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D916.2

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