经营判断法则研究

发布时间：2018-01-15 12:10

本文关键词：经营判断法则研究　出处：《武汉大学》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：我国于2005年对公司法进行了大规模的修订,其中在董事义务和责任方面比较明显的改动是增加了有关董事勤勉义务的规定,从而将学术界长期予以探讨的董事注意义务正式纳入公司法中,这不得不说是我国公司法的一个进步。然而,新的规定也带来了新的问题,那就是新公司法第148条对董事勤勉义务的规定以及第150条对违反义务时的责任的规定过于抽象和原则,在司法实践中基本不具有可操作性,并且最高人民法院也没有出台相关的司法解释予以澄清,从而引起了学界和实务界深入的讨论。与此同时,随着我国经济的持续快速发展,我国的公司规模急速扩大,董事们由于掌控着公司的运营,手中的权力也随之膨胀,然而当权力缺乏必要的约束时必然出现权力的滥用,所以在董事义务模糊不清,责任标准无法明确的情况下,公司丑闻的频频出现也就成了预料之中的事情。结合我国法律上的缺陷以及社会经济生活中产生的现实的需求,如何合理地追究董事违反注意义务时的责任也就成了一个亟待解决的问题。对此,国内的研究大多以就事论事的态度将重点集中在如何明确董事注意义务的内涵上,这不免使得研究的视野过于狭窄,难以科学地解决董事违反注意义务时的责任追究问题。实际上,如何合理地追究董事违反注意义务时的责任是一个非常综合性的问题,它必须放在公司治理的大背景下,结合注意义务、责任标准以及责任追究途径等多方面的设置进行通盘考量,最后达到一个目标,即将公司所有者与经营者之间的利益在某种程度上予以平衡,而这种平衡的程度正好符合一个国家基于其社会、经济、法律、文化方面的传统而形成的期待。美国公司法上的经营判断法则正好能在这方面给我国以许多启示。经营判断法则源自美国,是美国判例法上用来解决公司董事及高级职员是否应为其经营决策所造成的后果向公司承担责任的一项制度。该法则规定董事或者经理如在做出经营判断时是善意的,则他们在满足以下条件时被认为是履行了其注意义务：(1)与经营判断的对象没有利害关系；(2)其在做出经营判断之前所收集的关于经营判断对象的信息,足以使其在当时的环境下合理地认为是适当的；(3)其有理由相信其经营判断是出于公司的最佳利益考虑。如果股东要以董事违反注意义务为由,要求董事对其决策给公司造成的损失进行赔偿的话,首先要证明董事在做出经营决策的过程中并没有满足以上三点,关于其中第二点,美国法院的判断标准是董事在收集信息的过程中是否存在重大过失,如果股东无法予以证明,那么法院就不再对董事经营决策的内容进行实质性的审查,而直接对其予以保护。在美国,公司法属于州法的范围,各州的公司法典基本都对董事的注意义务进行了规定,且违反义务的标准基本都是采轻过失,而经营判断法则将董事在经营决策中违反注意义务的责任追究标准上升为重大过失。此外,经营判断法则还在很大程度上防止了股东的滥诉,节约了司法资源。这些都体现了美国公司法对董事经营决策的尊重。董事注意义务、股东代表诉讼、经营判断法则这三者结合在一起便构成了美国公司法上的董事经营责任追究制度,这一制度的目标功能就是在防止董事滥权的基础上,维护作为经营者的董事在公司中的主导地位,这也体现了美国公司法在效率与公平之间更倾向于效率的价值取向。董事经营责任是董事在行使其经营决策职能的过程中因为违反其注意义务,而应由其向公司承担的对其给公司造成的损失进行赔偿的民事责任。公司治理的一个重要目标就是追求作为所有者的股东与作为经营者的董事之间的利益平衡,而不同的国家和地区基于其自身的社会、经济、文化、法律背景,对所谓的利益平衡有着各自不同的理解,因此在追求的过程当中也就有着不同的制度安排,这种不同主要表现在对董事的权力、义务和责任的设置上,其中对董事责任的不同设置更是区别的核心之所在,并且更进一步表现为董事经营责任追究方面的区别。我国公司法在建立董事经营责任追究制度的过程中,有必要学习美国采取更加重视效率的价值取向,有必要引进经营判断法则,并将其与董事注意义务和股东代表诉讼作为一个整体来发挥作用。在引进的方式上,以最高人民法院司法解释的方式进行规定是一个很好的选择,既能以条文将经营判断法则的内容予以具体化,防止实践中的混乱,符合中国的法制现状；又能符合经营判断法则判例法的本质特征,在有新的发展时,能灵活地予以修订。
[Abstract]:China in 2005 to carry out a large-scale revision of the company law, the duty and liability of directors changes obviously is to increase the provisions relating to the duty of diligence, which will be discussed in the academic circle for a long time formally incorporated into the duty of care in company law, which had said it is a progress of the company law of our country. However, the new regulations also brought new problems, that is the new company law article 148th of the duty of diligence and the provisions of article 150th of the breach liability provisions are too abstract and principle in the judicial practice basic does not have the maneuverability, and the Supreme People's court has not issued the relevant judicial explain clarification, which caused the academic and practical circles in-depth discussion. At the same time, along with the rapid development of our economy, our company has expanded rapidly, because the control of male directors Our operation of power in the hands of the swell, but when the power is lack of necessary constraint will result in the abuse of power, so the directors' duty of vague, not clear responsibility standard under the condition of frequent corporate scandals have become the expected thing. With China's legal defects and social economy the reality of life needs, how to rationally pursue the responsibility of breach of duty of care has become an urgent problem to be solved.
In this regard, the domestic studies are based on the matter of attitude will focus on how to define the duty of the connotation, which can make the research field is too narrow, difficult to solve the problem of responsibility to pay attention to directors' breach of duty. In fact, how to reasonably assume the responsibility when the breach of duty of care is a very comprehensive problem, it must be placed in the background of corporate governance, combined with the obligation, responsibility and accountability way set standards and other aspects of the overall consideration, finally reaching a goal, just between the owner and the operator of the company's interests to be balanced to a certain extent, and this is in line with a balanced degree a country based on its social, economic, legal, cultural traditions and the formation of expectations. The business judgment rule in the U.S. company law just in this respect Give our country a lot of inspiration.
Business judgment rule from the United States, is a system of American case law to solve the directors and officers should the management decision caused by its consequences to corporate responsibility. The rules such as director or manager is good at making business judgment when they meet in when the following conditions are considered to perform the duty of care: (1) the object and the business judgment of no interest; (2) collected before making business judgment on the business judgment object information, enough to make it under the environment at that time reasonably considered appropriate; (3) it has good reason to believe that it is best for the business judgment considering the interests of the company. If the shareholders to the board of directors on the grounds of breach of duty of care, for compensation if the decision to caused the loss of the company, first to prove that the directors in making business decisions Does not meet the above three points on the second point, the judgment standard of American court is the existence of gross negligence in the process of collecting information, if the shareholders cannot be proved, then the court will no longer on the content of business decision for substantive review, and directly on the protected range. In the United States. The company law belongs to the state law, the company law is the basic state of directors duty of care were provided, and the violation of the obligations of the standard are basically light fault, and the director of business judgment rule in the management decision of breach of duty of care accountability standards up to the gross negligence. In addition, the business judgment rule are still very much to prevent the shareholders abuse of litigation, save the judicial resources. All these reflect the respect American company law to the management decision. The directors' duty of care, the shareholder representative litigation, business judgment The law of breaking the three together constitute the U.S. company law board of management accountability system, this system is in the objective function on the basis to prevent the abuse of power, maintenance as operator, the directors of the company in the leading position, which also reflects the value orientation of American company law between efficiency and fairness tend to be more efficient.
The board of directors is the responsibility for the operation of the process in the exercise of their functions in the business decision for violating the duty of care, and should bear to the company for the company caused by the loss of compensation for civil liability. An important goal of corporate governance is the pursuit of ownership as a shareholder and the balance of interests between operators as directors. Different countries and regions based on their own social, economic, cultural, legal background, to balance the interests of the so-called has different understanding, so in the pursuit of the process will have a different arrangement, the difference is mainly expressed in the director's power, obligations and responsibilities of the set, the different set of directors' liability is the core of the difference, and further performance of directors' management accountability differences.
The company law of our country in the process of the establishment of the board of management accountability system, it is necessary to study the United States to take pay more attention to the value orientation of efficiency, it is necessary to introduce business judgment rule, and the duty of care and the shareholder representative litigation as a whole to play a role. In the introduction of the way, to carry out the provisions of a a good choice to judicial interpretation of the Supreme People's court way, can in under the provisions of the business judgment rule of the content to be specific, to prevent confusion in practice, in line with the status quo of the legal Chinese; and conform to the nature of the business judgment rule of law, in a new development, can be amended flexibly.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D922.291.91

【参考文献】