论民事赔偿责任优先规则的适用

发布时间：2018-01-25 11:27

本文关键词： 民事赔偿财产刑刑事附带民事诉讼救助　出处：《安徽大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：民事赔偿责任优先规则最初是规定于1979年《中华人民共和国刑法》中。1993年《中华人民共和国公司法》第228条规定了该规则,即“公司违反本法规定,应当承担民事赔偿责任和缴纳罚款、罚金的,其财产不足以支付时,先承担民事赔偿责任。”随后,多部法律和司法解释均规定了该规则。但是,民事赔偿责任优先规则的适用过程中,民事法律与刑事法律、实体法与程序法之间没有实现良好的衔接,导致其适用中的诸多障碍。就民事赔偿责任优先规则的适用条件来说,只要责任人的财产不足以承担民事责任、刑事责任即可,无需满足“同时性”的要求；非因同一行为而承担民事责任、刑事责任时,也有适用该规则的空间；在界定财产刑责任范围时,罚金刑和没收财产刑均应包含于其中；违法所得应当纳入责任人财产的范畴,用于优先赔偿被害人的损失；不论是在刑事附带民事诉讼,还是在单独的民事诉讼、刑事诉讼中,均可实现民事赔偿优先的公力救济。民事赔偿责任优先规则在司法实践中存在诸多阻碍。预交罚金作为量刑因素,极大削弱了加害人履行民事赔偿义务的积极性；“先刑后民”的刑事附带民事诉讼程序在设计理念和具体的程序设计上,包括该程序的习惯做法、财产保全难以实施、被害人赔偿请求权的局限性、附带民事诉讼判决“执行难”等,对民事赔偿的优先实现造成了严重冲击；刑事案件和民事案件分由不同法院审理,加大了法院优先执行民事赔偿的难度。为保障民事赔偿权利人的权益,真正实现民事赔偿优先,应采取切实可行的措施。在刑事附带民事诉讼中,把民事赔偿作为法定量刑情节,且把民事赔偿作为缓刑、减刑、假释的考量因素,实现与民事调解、刑事和解制度的有机融合；设立独立的民事赔偿责任优先执行程序,明确执行主体和程序,借助于国家执行威慑机制的完善提高民事赔偿的执行率；构建“先民后刑”的刑事附带民事诉讼程序,明确赔偿范围,把财产保全的申请时间提前到侦查阶段,发挥刑事和解的功能,把民事赔偿的履行情况作为从轻处罚的依据；以犯罪行为实施时作为没收财产刑“财产”界定的时间点,确立没收财产刑执行的基本规则；对于刑事案件和民事案件由不同法院审理的情形,可通过法院信息化建设、案外人异议制度达到民事赔偿优先实现的目的；通过完善刑事被害人救助制度的实体规范和程序规范,实体规范包括救助的对象、条件、标准、方式和救助机关几个方面,程序规范包括申请程序、审查程序、决定与给付程序和对犯罪人的追偿程序,以国家救助的方式来保障被害人获得一定数量的民事赔偿。
[Abstract]:The priority rule of civil liability was originally stipulated in the Criminal Law of the people's Republic of China on 1979. Article 228 of the Company Law of the people's Republic of China of 1993 stipulates this rule. That is, "if a company, in violation of the provisions of this Law, shall bear civil liability for compensation and pay a fine, if its property is insufficient to pay, it shall bear civil liability for compensation first...". Many laws and judicial interpretations have stipulated this rule. However, in the application of the priority rule of civil liability, there is no good connection between civil law and criminal law, substantive law and procedural law. It leads to many obstacles in its application. As far as the applicable conditions of the priority rule of civil liability are concerned, as long as the property of the responsible person is not sufficient to bear civil liability, criminal liability can be obtained without the need to meet the requirement of "synchronism"; If the civil liability is not due to the same act, there is also room for the application of the rule when the criminal liability is concerned; When defining the scope of liability of property penalty, the penalty of fine and confiscation of property should be included in it. The illegal proceeds should be included in the property of the responsible person and be used to compensate the victims' losses in priority; Whether in criminal incidental civil action, or in individual civil action, criminal proceedings, civil compensation can be achieved in priority of public relief. There are many obstacles in the judicial practice of the priority rule of civil compensation liability. As a sentencing factor, the advance payment of fine greatly weakens the enthusiasm of the offender to fulfill the civil compensation obligation; The criminal incidental civil procedure of "first sentence before people" in the design concept and specific procedure design, including the customary practice of this procedure, property preservation is difficult to implement, the limitation of the victim's right to claim compensation. The adjunct judgment of civil action "is difficult to execute", which has caused serious impact on the priority realization of civil compensation. Criminal cases and civil cases are heard by different courts, which makes it more difficult for the court to execute civil compensation first. In order to protect the rights and interests of the right holders of civil compensation and truly realize the priority of civil compensation, practical measures should be taken. In criminal incidental civil proceedings, civil compensation is regarded as the legal circumstances of sentencing. And regard civil compensation as the consideration factor of probation, commutation and parole, realize the organic fusion with civil mediation and criminal reconciliation system; Setting up the independent civil liability priority execution procedure, defining the subject and procedure of execution, and improving the execution rate of civil compensation by means of the perfection of the national execution deterrent mechanism; To construct the criminal incidental civil procedure of "the former people's punishment", to clarify the scope of compensation, to advance the application time of property preservation to the investigation stage, and to play the role of criminal reconciliation. Taking the performance of civil compensation as the basis of lighter punishment; Taking the criminal act as the time point to define the "property" of the confiscation of property, the basic rules of the execution of the penalty of confiscation of property are established. For the situation that criminal cases and civil cases are tried by different courts, we can achieve the goal of giving priority to civil compensation through the information construction of the court and the objection system of the outsider in the case. Through the improvement of the criminal victim relief system substantive norms and procedural norms, substantive norms including relief objects, conditions, standards, methods and relief organs several aspects, procedural norms include application procedures, review procedures. The procedure of decision and payment and the procedure of recovering the offender shall protect the victim from obtaining a certain amount of civil compensation by the way of state aid.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D925.1

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