植物遗传资源利用国际协调中的法律问题

发布时间：2018-03-21 20:39

本文选题：植物遗传资源　切入点：国际协调　出处：《复旦大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着生物技术的发展,植物遗传资源日益成为了一项重要的战略资源。纵观全球,植物生物技术主要为发达国家所掌握,而植物遗传材料却大量集中于发展中国家。这导致两者在遗传材料利用成果的分享上形成了利益冲突与博弈。本文共分三章。第一章探讨植物遗传资源利用与利益平衡。在旧的国际法律体制下,发达国家利用植物遗传资源国际法律地位不清以及知识产权制度的国际扩张,通过生物剽窃方式窃取了本应由发展中国家所享有的利益份额,同时加剧了生物多样性危机和环境等问题,导致利益失衡。在此背景下,一系列以合理分享利益、限制知识产权过度扩张的国际努力得到了持续开展。第二章着重研究植物遗传资源利用中的国际协调。1992年《生物多样性公约》的通过确认了国家对于植物遗传资源主权权利,为发展中国家参与利益分配奠定了基础。此外,该公约还建立了以事先知情同意和共同商定条件为主要内容的植物遗传资源利用国际双边机制,推动成员间以协议方式解决植物遗传资源获取与惠益分享。但是在实践中,由于操作上的困难以及协议双方在信息和能力方面的不对称,看似公平的双边机制却可能造成实际的不公平,进而遭到了一些发展中国家的批评。这些国家寻求建立一个获取和惠益分享的国际体制,以克服双边机制的上述缺陷。这一谈判过程历时漫长,随着2010年《名古屋议定书》的达成,才终于原则性地确认了建立全球多边惠益分享机制的需要。而与此缓慢进展相对的是,在农业和粮食植物遗传资源领域,鉴于其对人类的特别重要性,联合国粮农组织在2001年便通过了《粮食和农业植物遗传资国际条约》,确立了该类植物遗传资源利用的国际多边机制。此外,考虑到知识产权是遗传资源商业化利用的主要方面,上述两大机制实效的发挥程度还有赖于其与现行国际知识产权制度(主要是《与贸易相关知识产权协定》)的协调。这一方面的国际谈判和学术研讨已经有所开展。第三章扼要论述我国的有关立法及改进的建议。我国作为一个植物遗传资源大国,已加入《生物多样性公约》并积极参与了相关国际谈判,同时也在植物遗传资源利益保护的国内立法方面作出了一系列努力,比如新近对《专利法》及其实施细则以及《专利审查指南》的修订便是一例。但是,我国目前的法律体系在逻辑体系上并不十分严密,仍有完善和改进的空间。此外,我国作为一个传统农业大国,尚未加入《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》,应当权衡加入的利弊而作出理性选择。
[Abstract]:With the development of biotechnology, plant genetic resources have become an important strategic resource. However, plant genetic materials are concentrated in developing countries, which leads to the conflict of interests and game in the sharing of the results of genetic material utilization. This paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter discusses the utilization and benefit of plant genetic resources. Balance of interests. Under the old international legal system, Developed countries have exploited the unclear international legal status of plant genetic resources and the international expansion of intellectual property regimes to steal the share of benefits that should have been enjoyed by developing countries through biological plagiarism, At the same time, it exacerbates the biodiversity crisis and environmental problems, resulting in an imbalance of interests. In this context, a series of benefits are shared reasonably, International efforts to limit the excessive expansion of intellectual property rights have been sustained. Chapter II focuses on international coordination in the use of plant genetic resources. The adoption of the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity recognized the sovereign right of States over plant genetic resources, Providing a basis for developing countries to participate in the distribution of benefits... in addition, the Convention establishes an international bilateral mechanism for the utilization of plant genetic resources, with prior informed consent and mutually agreed conditions as the main elements, Facilitate the resolution of access to and benefit-sharing of plant genetic resources by agreement among members. In practice, however, due to operational difficulties and asymmetries between the parties to the agreement in terms of information and capabilities, Bilateral mechanisms that appear to be fair can create real inequities, which in turn have been criticized by a number of developing countries that seek to establish an international system of access and benefit-sharing, To overcome the above-mentioned shortcomings of the bilateral mechanism. This negotiating process took a long time, with the conclusion of the Nagoya Protocol of 2010, Finally recognizing, in principle, the need for a global multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism and, in contrast to slow progress, in the area of agricultural and food plant genetic resources, given their particular importance to humankind, In 2001, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations adopted the International Treaty on Plant genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, establishing an international multilateral mechanism for the utilization of such plant genetic resources. In addition, considering that intellectual property rights are the main aspect of the commercial use of genetic resources, The effectiveness of these two mechanisms also depends on their coordination with the existing international intellectual property system (mainly the Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of intellectual property Rights). Chapter III briefly discusses the relevant legislation and suggestions for improvement in China. As a large country of plant genetic resources, Having acceded to the Convention on Biological Diversity and actively participated in relevant international negotiations, and has made a number of efforts in the area of domestic legislation for the protection of the interests of plant genetic resources, For example, the recent revision of the Patent Law and its implementing rules and the Patent Review Guide is an example. However, the current legal system in China is not very strict in its logical system, and there is still room for improvement and improvement. As a traditional agricultural country, China has not yet joined the International Treaty on Plant genetic Resources for Grain and Agriculture, so we should weigh the advantages and disadvantages of accession and make a rational choice.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D997.1

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