论私人军事公司在国际法上的地位及责任承担

发布时间：2018-06-23 17:16

本文选题：私人军事公司 + 雇佣军　；参考：《华东政法大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：PMC（Private Military Companies,私人军事公司）自20世纪90年代开始兴起，并逐步介入地区冲突和战争，改变了现代战争的组织结构。然而PMC在国际法上的地位却并不明晰，导致其在战争中的权利义务处于真空状态。依照相关国际条约，PMC既难以被纳入到雇佣军的范围之内，也不具有战斗员的法律地位。若严格依照国际人道法规则，PMC雇员将被默认为具有平民身份。然而这似乎又与PMC受雇参加军事行动的行为特征不符，，并导致PMC的种种军事行动在违反国际人道法时难以受到有效的约束。 PMC的出现也引出了新的法律问题，即PMC在执行军事任务过程中违反国际人道法产生的责任应由谁承担？除了PMC实体及其雇员应承担相应的民事和刑事责任之外，如果PMC的违法行为可以归因于相关国家，该国是否应承担相应的责任？实际中，PMC的违法行为会影响到两类国家的法律责任或法律地位：第一，若某国在某一武装冲突中为中立国，而该国的PMC却参与了武装冲突，那么该国是否丧失其中立地位，从而承担破坏中立的国家责任；第二，PMC雇佣国应对PMC的违法行为承担何种责任。此外，由于实践中PMC的雇佣国很多情况下为其母国（即注册登记国），人们往往将PMC违反国际人道法的行为迁怒于其母国。因此，母国也应当完善国内有关PMC的法律框架，确保PMC及其人员的行为符合相关国内法，并建立针对PMC的问责制度，通过国内司法制度制裁PMC的海外不法行为。
[Abstract]:PMC (Private military companies) began to rise in 1990s, and gradually involved in regional conflicts and wars, which changed the organizational structure of modern warfare. However, the status of PMC in international law is not clear, resulting in its rights and obligations in the war in a vacuum. In accordance with the relevant international treaties, PMC is difficult to be included in the scope of mercenaries and does not have the legal status of combatants. PMC employees who adhere strictly to the rules of international humanitarian law will be acquiesced as civilians. However, this does not seem to be consistent with the characteristics of PMC's engagement in military operations and makes it difficult for PMC military operations to be effectively bound in violation of international humanitarian law. The emergence of PMC also raises new legal questions. That is, who should be held responsible for violations of international humanitarian law by PMC in the course of military missions? In addition to the corresponding civil and criminal liability of the PMC entity and its employees, should the PMC be held liable if the offence is attributable to the State concerned? In practice, the violation of a PMC would affect the legal responsibility or legal status of two categories of States: first, if a State is a neutral State in an armed conflict and the PMC of that State is involved in an armed conflict, does that State lose its status, The second is the responsibility of the PMC's employer country for the PMC's illegal acts. In addition, because in practice PMC's country of employment is in many cases its home country (that is, the country of registration), people tend to resent PMC's violation of international humanitarian law in its home country. Therefore, the home country should also perfect the domestic legal framework on PMC, ensure that the PMC and its personnel act in accordance with relevant domestic law, and establish the accountability system for PMC, and sanction PMC's illegal acts abroad through domestic judicial system.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D99

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