债务抵充制度相关问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-13 21:59

本文选题：债务抵充　切入点：指定抵充　出处：《华东政法大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：债务抵充制度自罗马法时代就已经产生，在民法法典化的进程中，债务抵充已被大陆法系民法所普遍吸收，如《德国民法典》、《日本民法典》以及我国台湾地区“民法”。然我国大陆地区在制定《民法通则》、《合同法》之时并未就债务抵充制度进行规定，仅在《合同法司法解释二》中对债务抵充制度进行规定。第一章考察《合同法司法解释二》第20条和第21条存在的一些问题。问题主要表现为：第一，“约定抵充+法定抵充”立法模式的选择，存在“指定抵充”立法缺失之嫌；第二，约定抵充主体之规定存在主体外延过窄之嫌；第三，法定抵充限制，即费用、利息优先清偿的立法规定，存在法律概念使用不规范和外延不明确问题；第四，立法的缺失和司法解释的不足，致使在司法实践中出现一些问题。第二章对债务抵充制度的相关基本理论进行解释。第三章对几个大陆法系国家民事立法和司法中对债务抵充制度的规定和适用情况进行介绍。首先，考察债务抵充制度在日本民法中的表现。《日本民法典》第488条规定清偿人和清偿受领人均享有指定抵充权，但两者的权利效力不同。在法定抵充环节，《日本民法典》在第489条采取“一边倒”的模式，即只注重度债务人的利益的保护。《日本民法典》第490条将一个债务分期给付的情形纳入债务抵充之适用范畴。《日本民法典》第491条对费用、利息和原本的抵充顺序进行特殊规定。其次，考察债务抵充制度在德国民法上的表现。考察发现德国民法仅规定清偿人享有指定抵充权，而且在司法实践中指定抵充受到种种限制。在法定抵充之环节，德国民法采取兼顾债权人和债务人的利益保护的态度，且德国民法规定，在各宗债务抵充对债务人利益相同之情形，采取考量债务发生先后顺序（债龄）确定债务的抵充顺序。德国民法对费用、利息和主债务清偿顺序之限制性规定亦进行限制。最后，考察债务抵充制度在我国台湾地区民法中表现。考察之后发现台湾地区“民法”既有德国民法的痕迹亦有日本民法的痕迹。在对待指定抵充的问题上，台湾“民法”仿效德国民法的做法；在法定抵充的问题上，台湾“民法”既仿效德国民法亦仿效日本民法，即采取德国民法的兼顾债务人和债权人的利益态度，但是在判断清偿债务对债务利益相同之情形后，，台湾地区“民法”采取日本民法的做法。且在费用、利息和原本的抵充顺序上，台湾地区“民法”与德国民法一致，同时在利息的概念外延上进行了明确的限制。第四章着重探讨探我国债务抵充制度的完善。笔者以为，我国应当采取大陆法系国家民法典的“指定抵充+法定抵充”的立法模式，承认指定抵充类型的存在，并借鉴德国和台湾地区的立法模式，仅承认清偿人的指定抵充权；在法定抵充的立法态度上，应当采取德国的立法模式，采取兼顾债务人和债权人的利益的态度，并且在法定抵充的具体第四个环节，以“债龄”作为考察因素，以实现立法的内在逻辑的完美、科学；在《合同法司法解释二》第21条的完善上，应对“利息”进行限缩解释，排除违约金的适用余地。
[Abstract]:The debt offset system since the Rome times has been generated in the codification of civil law in the process of mortgage debt has been widely absorbed on civil law, such as the "German Civil Code > >, < civil code of Japan and Taiwan region of China's" civil law ". However, in the mainland of China in the formulation of the general principles of civil law > >, < contract law > When did not offset the debt system, only in the" judicial interpretation of contract law to stipulate the debt offsetting system > two.
The first chapter examines the "judicial interpretation of contract law two > twentieth and twenty-first problems. The problems are mainly as follows: first," agreed offset + legal offset "the choice of legislation mode, the existence of" specified offset "lack of legislation too; second, the main provisions of the agreement set deposit is too narrow too in the extension of subject third, the legal limit set; namely, costs, interest priority legislation, legal concept and use of non-standard extension is not clear; fourth, the lack of legislation and judicial interpretation, resulting in the emergence of some problems in the judicial practice.
The second chapter is related to the basic theory of debt balance system was explained.
The third chapter carries on the introduction of several civil law countries to offset the debt civil regulations in legislation and jurisdiction and applicable conditions.
First, performance in Japan. In the civil law system to study the debt offset the Japanese Civil Code > 488th provisions of settlement and settlement of people receive per capita specified offset right, but the difference in the effectiveness of the rights. The legal offset link, Japanese Civil Code > < take "one-sided" mode in 489th, namely the protection. Only severe the interests of the debtor of the Japanese Civil Code > 490th installment will be a debt situation into the scope of debt offset. Japanese Civil Code > 491st of the fees, interest and the original offset sequence of special provisions.
Secondly, to study the debt balance performance system in the German civil law. We found the German civil law only stipulates the settlement of people enjoy the specified offset rights, and specifies the offset by various restrictions in the judicial practice. In the part of legal offset, the German civil law taking into account the interests of creditor and debtor protection attitude, and in the case of the German civil law cases of debt offset interests of debtors in the same order, take consideration of debt (debt age) determine debt offset order. The German Civil Law of cost, interest and principal repayment order of the debt limit regulations also limit.
Finally, study the debt balance system in the Taiwan area in the civil law of our country. After inspection found Taiwan "civil law" is the German civil law also has traces of the Japanese civil law in dealing with the specified offset traces. On the issue of Taiwan "civil law" to follow the German civil law in the legal practice; offset on the issue of Taiwan civil law "" both follow the German civil law also follow the civil law of Japan, which adopted the German Civil Law of debtors and creditors attitude, but the situation in the judgment of debt on debt interest the same, the Taiwan area of "civil law" on the civil law take practice. And in the cost of interest and the original balance on the order, the civil law of Taiwan "with the German civil law, at the same time were clear limits in the extension of the concept of interest.
The fourth chapter focuses on the exploration of improving China's debt offsetting system. The author thinks that our country should adopt the legislative mode of the civil code of civil law countries, "the specified offset + legal offset", that specifies offset types exist, and draw on the legislative mode of Germany and Taiwan region, only admitted solutor specified offset in right; the attitude of the legislation on the legal cost, should adopt the German legislative model, taking into account the interests of debtor and creditor attitude, and in the specific legal offset fourth links to "old debt" as factors, to perfect the legislation of the internal logic of science; in "contract law judicial interpretation to improve two > on the twenty-first, with" interest "to limit the interpretation, exclude the application of liquidated damages for the room.

【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D923.6

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