合同自由原则及限制研究

发布时间：2018-03-15 08:44

本文选题：合同　切入点：合同自由　出处：《江西财经大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：合同自由思想渊源于古罗马的诺成合同,伴随着资本主义的发展而大放光彩,并在资本主义国家第一部法典《法国民法典》中得到确认,此后为各国立法所吸收并确立为合同法的基本原则,合同自由是合同法的基本原则,是合同精神所在。合同自由强调的是合同是基于意思自治作出的利益安排,其效力的根源在于当事人之间的合意。首先,这个概念表明合同是以相互之间的协议为基础的；其次,它同时强调合同的订立是在不受外部力量的规范、干预一一包括不受政府或立法机构干预——的情况下,自由选择的结果。然而,进入20世纪以来,社会经济结构发生巨变,社会组织空气复杂庞大,垄断加剧,社会生产和消费大规模化,公用事业飞速发展,消费者、劳动者等弱势群体保护的问题凸显出来,民事主体之间在交易过程中的实质平等日趋成为严重的问题,合同自由浪潮出现逆转。合同自由作为合同法的基本原则,但合同自由并不是合同法的全部,允许主体的全面自由而不加以限制,会导致自由的硬伤。自由如果被绝对化,就会走向异化,被人无所顾虑的加以滥用,会使每个人成为合同自由异化的受害者。对合同自由缺乏理性的推崇,肆无忌惮的滥用,就演变成社会达尔文主义。社会达尔文主义认为人类社会和自然社会一样,奉行丛林法则,物竞天择,适者生存。由此可见,合同自由的限制是合同发展的历史必然。形式上的合同自由掩盖了实质上的不公平,合同自由事实上是否存在?当事人能否基于其自由意志平等的从事契约行为?这种忽略了当事人实质不平等的假设为合同自由理论埋下了隐患,出现了合同的异化。马克思解释到：所谓“异化”就是指最初由人设计的用来改变社会的力量,最终变成了人类无法驾驭的力量,人反过来受这种力量的控制、限制,而且无法摆脱它。合同自由是合同的本质属性,但合同自由本身不是目的,仅仅依靠自由也不能达到目的,限制规范就是实现这种目的的产物。表面上看,限制性规范在一定程度上背离私法自治的宗旨,但限制与自由仍然是密切统一的,限制合同自由是为了保障合同实质自由、更好实现合同实质正义。本文共分四个部分论述合同自由原则及限制,(一)合同及合同自由,主要阐述合同及合同自由的概念。“合同”概念是社会生活基本概念,以不同的形式存在于社会生活中,只有理解合同,才能理解人类社会及其交往关系,合同是打开人类生活的一把钥匙。在合同的概念上,大陆法系广泛认同合意说,英美法系普遍认同允诺说。(二)合同自由理论的历史演变及评价,从西方哲学源泉古希腊哲学探究开始,梳理合同自由发展历史脉络,介绍了合同自由从萌芽阶段到确立阶段再到受到限制的成熟阶段完整的成长过程。(三)合同自由原则的限制,以合同双方当事人的平等、自由为前提的近代合同法理论因双方当事人社会、经济方面的不平等而凸显固有的缺陷,合同自由原则所引发的社会问题使人们对合同自由产生质疑,人们重新审视合同自由的地位及内涵,对合同自由原则的限制也不绝于耳,国家干预主义开始大行其道,对合同自由的限制逐渐加强。由此,对合同自由限制的原因、表现及意义进行分析。(四)对合同自由及合同正义的分析,从合同形式正义到合同实质正义的阐述,并对合同自由当下地位作出分析。虽然从形式上看合同不那么自由了,但这只是对合同自由原则真实意义的恢复和匡正,合同自由正在从传统的形式自由走向包含现代合同正义理念的实质自由,并对合同自由在我国市场经济下语境的特殊地位进行概括。
[Abstract]:The contract freedom originated from the ancient Rome of the consensual contract, along with the development of capitalism and shine, and confirmed in the capitalist countries the first code of "French Civil Code", since absorbed by the national legislation and established the basic principles of contract law, the contract is the basic principle of contract law, is spirit of the contract. The contract is the contract arrangement is free on autonomy made based on the interests of its effectiveness is rooted in the consensus between the parties. First of all, the concept that the contract is based on mutual agreement between the parties; secondly, it also stressed that the contract is concluded in the intervention by external force standard, one by one including from the intervention of the government or the legislature -- the case, the freedom of choice.
However, since twentieth Century, the economic structure of the society changes, the social organization air complex, monopoly, large-scale social production and consumption, the rapid development of public utilities, consumers, protection of workers and other vulnerable groups is highlighted, the substantive equality between civil subjects in the transaction process is becoming a serious problem, the tide of freedom of contract reversed. Freedom of contract as the basic principle of contract law, but the freedom of contract and contract law is not complete, allows full freedom of the subject and not be restricted, will lead to the freedom of mishap. If freedom was absolute, would lead to alienation, is nothing to worry about them abuse, will make everyone become a victim of freedom the alienation of the contract. The freedom of contract is lack of rational esteem, wanton abuse evolved into social Darwinism. Darwin thought that the human society Society and nature society, to pursue law of the jungle, survival of the fittest in natural selection, survival of the fittest. Thus, the restriction of freedom of contract is the inevitable contract in the history of the development.
The form of the freedom of contract cover up substantially unfair, the existence of facts of freedom of contract? Whether the parties based on their free will, equality in contractual behavior? The substantial inequality of the Parties assume that the theory of freedom of contract to bury hidden dangers, appeared in the alienation of the contract. Marx explained: the so-called "alienation" refers to the original design by people the power to change society, eventually became a human can not control the power, who in turn controlled, this power limit, and can not get rid of it. Freedom of contract is the essential attribute of the contract, but the freedom of contract itself is not the purpose of relying solely on the freedom they can not achieve the purpose, limit the specification is to achieve the product for this purpose. On the surface, the restrictive norms deviate from the autonomy of private law to a certain extent the purpose, but restrictions and freedom are closely integrated, LIMITED The freedom of contract is to guarantee the substantive freedom of the contract and to better realize the substantive justice of the contract.
This paper is divided into four parts to discuss the principle of freedom of contract and restrictions, (a) the contract and contract freedom, mainly expounds the concept of freedom of contract and the contract. The "contract" is the basic concepts of social life, exists in different forms of social life, only to understand the contract, can understand the human society and the relationship of contract is the key to human life. In the concept of contract, civil law is widely recognized desirable that the common law generally recognized promise said. (two) the contract history evolution and evaluation of the theory of freedom, the source of western philosophy from ancient Greek philosophy to explore, combing the history of freedom of contract, freedom of contract is introduced from the bud stage to establish the stage to mature stage of growth process is restricted to complete. (three) the limits of freedom of contract, the contract parties to equality, from the premise of modern contract Because the parties of social law theory, economic aspects of inequality highlights the inherent social problems caused by the principle of freedom of contract make people doubt about the freedom of contract, freedom of contract review the status and connotation of people again, the restriction to the freedom of contract is not unique in the ear, the state interventionism is beginning to flourish, to the contract the restriction of freedom gradually strengthened. Thus, the reason for limiting the freedom of contract, manifestation and significance analysis. (four) analysis of the freedom of contract and contractual justice, from formal justice to substantive justice of contract contract, and make analysis on the current status of freedom of contract. The contract is not free from the form. But this is the true meaning of the principle of freedom of contract to restore and remedy the freedom of contract is to the essence of freedom contains the modern concept of contract justice from the traditional form of freedom, and the The freedom of contract is summed up in the special status of the context in the market economy of China.

【学位授予单位】：江西财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D913

【参考文献】