我国意思表示错误制度的缺失与重构

发布时间：2018-04-13 06:31

本文选题：意思表示 + 错误　；参考：《大连海事大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：现实生活中,由于人的认识能力有限,思维具有局限性,当事人在订立合同时基于有限的认知所做出的意思表示不可避免地会出现错误,而这种错误恰恰会给当事人造成利益上的失衡,因而错误问题随着意思主义的兴起而逐步得到法学家的关注。大陆法系和英美法系有着迥然不同的文化和法律背景,但出于公平正义的理念,大部分国家在民事立法中建立了错误制度。我国的民事立法主要借鉴大陆法系,其中许多规则都是借鉴《德国民法典》中的规则,但是我国现行民事立法在规定意思表示错误时并未采用传统大陆法系的错误,而是以重大误解取而代之。错误与误解是两个不同的概念,在内涵、法律效果等方面存在差异,我国目前立法用重大误解来规定意思表示错误不仅引发了民法学家在法学理论研究中诸多争议,而且造成了审判人员在司法实践中适用法律的混乱。本文以比较法的视角,对两大法系中主要国家的意思表示错误规则进行研究,并在其基础上对我国的现行立法及理论研究现状进行评析,揭示我国目前立法中关于意思表示错误制度的缺失,进而对重构我国民事错误制度提出一些建议,以期对民法典的编纂、司法实践和理论研究有所裨益,但由于笔者学术和理论研究能力尚浅,文章中存在诸多不足,敬请各位老师批评指正。本文共分为四章：第1章概述意思表示错误制度,主要介绍了意思表示错误的法律涵义、意思表示错误制度的发展历程。第2章介绍了意思表示错误制度的立法模式与类型,意思表示错误立法模式主要有两种：以日本为代表的一元模式和以德国、中国台湾为代表的二元模式；在错误类型方面,主要介绍了德国民法和英美合同法对错误类型的划分,并进行对比研究。第3章剖析了我国目前关于意思表示错误制度的立法和理论研究现状,揭示出我国现行立法中重大误解制度存在的不足。第4章提出了重构我国意思表示错误制度的立法建议,对民法典草案建议稿的不同设计进行了评析,在比较借鉴德国、日本和英美合同法关于意思表示错误制度相关规则的立法经验基础上,从法律术语的表述、立法模式的选择和类型化方面提出了立法建议。
[Abstract]:In real life, due to the limited cognitive ability and the limitation of thinking, the expression of intention made by the parties on the basis of limited cognition will inevitably make mistakes.But this kind of mistake will cause the benefit imbalance to the litigant precisely, therefore the mistake question gradually obtains the jurist's attention with the rise of the will doctrine.The civil law system and the common law system have very different culture and legal background, but for the idea of fairness and justice, most countries have set up the wrong system in the civil legislation.The civil legislation of our country mainly draws lessons from the civil law system, many of which refer to the rules in the German Civil Code. However, the current civil legislation of our country does not adopt the mistake of the traditional civil law system when it stipulates the wrong expression of intention.It was replaced by major misunderstandings.Errors and misunderstandings are two different concepts, which have different connotations and legal effects. At present, the legislation of our country provides for errors in the expression of will by major misunderstandings, which not only lead to many disputes among civil law scholars in the study of legal theory.And caused the judicial personnel to apply the law in the judicial practice confusion.From the perspective of comparative law, this paper makes a study of the misrepresentation of will rules in the main countries of the two legal systems, and on the basis of it, analyzes the current legislative and theoretical research situation in our country.This paper reveals the deficiency of the system of expression of will in the current legislation of our country, and then puts forward some suggestions for the reconstruction of the system of civil error in our country, in order to benefit the compilation of the Civil Code, judicial practice and theoretical research.However, due to the author's academic and theoretical research ability is still shallow, there are many deficiencies in the article, please teachers to criticize and correct.This paper is divided into four chapters:Chapter 1 introduces the legal meaning of the error of the expression of will and the course of the development of the system of error of the expression of will.Chapter 2 introduces the legislative models and types of the misrepresentation of will system. There are two kinds of legislative models of erroneous expression of will: the monistic model represented by Japan and the dualistic model represented by Germany and Taiwan;This paper mainly introduces the classification of errors in German civil law and Anglo-American contract law, and makes a comparative study.The third chapter analyzes the current situation of legislation and theoretical research on the misrepresentation of intention system in our country, and reveals the shortcomings of the major misunderstanding system in the current legislation of our country.Chapter 4 puts forward the legislative proposals to reconstruct the system of misrepresentation of will in China, and analyzes the different designs of the proposed draft of the Civil Code, and draws lessons from Germany.On the basis of the legislative experience of Japanese and Anglo-American contract law on the rules of erroneous expression of will, the legislative suggestions are put forward from the aspects of the expression of legal terms, the choice of legislative model and the types of legislation.
【学位授予单位】：大连海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923

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