合同法的撤销权对保险不可抗辩条款的完善

发布时间：2018-05-29 19:33

本文选题：不可抗辩条款 + 法定解除权　；参考：《山东大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着社会经济的发展,人们生活水平的提高,更多的人认识到保险是分担风险的有效手段,参加保险的意愿越来越强烈,对于保险服务的期许和要求也越来越高。但是,由于保险人在保险合同关系中处于优势地位,投保人在订立保险合同时必须对保险人履行如实告知的义务,然而有些保险人利用其优势地位滥用合同解除权,逃避给付保险金的责任,造成了保险业的信誉不断下降,使得保险业面临严重的信任危机。不可抗辩条款在这种情况下孕育而生,各国法律对于保险人的解除权做了更加严格的规定,要求在一定时期之后,保险人不得以投保人未履行如实告知义务而拒绝赔付,这一举措在很大程度上增强了投保人的信心,有利于保险业健康发展。不可抗辩条款是为了解决保险人利用其优势地位滥用保险解除权而设立的,在很大的程度上提高了保险人的信用,推进了保险业的发展,使保险业更加得人心。我国《保险法》将不可抗辩条款引入,目的正是为了均衡保险人和投保人之间的利益关系。我国《保险法》第16条规定的不可抗辩条款,要求自合同成立之日起超过二年的,保险人不得解除合同,发生了保险事故的,保险人应当承担赔偿或者给付保险金的责任,这缓和了保险人和投保人权利义务的不均衡,但不可抗辩条款并未从根本上解决保险人和投保人利益不均衡的事实。法律规定的不可抗辩条款适用于所有的保险合同,并没有规定例外的适用情形,当投保人故意骗取保险金而利用不可抗辩条款规定的两年期限时,保险人则依法律规定必须对投保人进行赔偿或者支付保险金,这违背了公平公正的原则,并在一定的程度上也纵容了保险欺诈行为,损害了无辜投保人的合法利益。本文试图通过探寻其他的手段来对不可抗辩条款的适用进行完善,来防止投保人利用不可抗辩条款的两年期限故意进行保险欺诈,损害其他无辜投保人的合法利益。本文正文一共分为三个部分,其基本架构和主要内容是：第一部分,主要对我国《保险法》第16条规定的不可抗辩条款进行了介绍。该部分从不可抗辩条款的概念入手,对于其产生的背景和理论依据做了介绍,结合不可抗辩条款的价值追求,说明了我国引入不可抗辩条款的必要性及重要性。从案例入手提出了我国的不可抗辩条款存在着制度的缺陷,不可抗辩条款只是一个总括的规定,而未规定适用的例外情形,易纵容投保人利用两年的期限进行保险欺诈的行为,进而引出要对不可抗辩条款进行完善。第二部分主要介绍了保险欺诈行为对不可抗辩条款的挑战。本文所说的保险欺诈行为不同于一般的保险欺诈行为,所以本部分对于保险欺诈行为的概念和构成要件进行了详细的介绍,进而提出了保险欺诈行为对不可抗辩条款产生了挑战,造成违背立法宗旨、保险诈骗案件增多、保险业发展危机等后果。第三部分主要介绍了合同法的撤销权对不可抗辩条款的完善。首先对于《保险法》和《合同法》的适用问题进行了明确的说明,结合对于保险人的法定解除权和撤销权的适用范围的介绍,总结出在保险人的法定解除权和撤销权竞合时,可以适用保险人的撤销权来弥补不可抗辩条款的缺陷,来惩罚利用不可抗辩条款的两年期限进行欺诈的行为,维护社会的公平正义,这也是本文的创新之处。
[Abstract]:With the development of social economy and the improvement of people's living standards, more and more people realize that insurance is an effective means to share risks. The willingness to participate in insurance is becoming more and more strong, and the expectations and requirements for insurance services are becoming higher and higher. However, the insurer is in a dominant position in the insurance contract and the insured is concluding an insurance contract. The insurer must fulfill the obligation of truthfully informing the insurer. However, some insurers use their dominant position to abuse the right to rescind the contract and avoid the liability of payment of the insurance, resulting in the continuing decline in the reputation of the insurance industry, which makes the insurance industry face a serious crisis of trust. The rescission right of the insurer has been more strictly stipulated. After a certain period of time, the insurer should not refuse to pay the compensation by the insurant without fulfilling the truthful notification obligation. This measure, to a great extent, strengthens the confidence of the insured and is conducive to the healthy development of the insurance industry.
The undefensible clause is designed to solve the insurer's abuse of the right to use its advantage, which has greatly improved the credit of the insurer, promoted the development of the insurance industry and made the insurance industry more popular. China's Insurance Law has introduced the undefensible clause to the balance between the insurer and the insured. The incontestable clause of the sixteenth article of the insurance law of China requires that the insurer shall not terminate the contract since the date of the establishment of the contract for more than two years, and the insurer shall not be relieved of the contract, and the insurer shall bear the liability for compensation or payment of the insurance, which relieves the disequilibrium of the rights and obligations of the insurer and the insured, but is indefensible. The clause does not fundamentally solve the imbalance between the insurer and the insurer's interests. The undefensible clause of the law applies to all insurance contracts and does not specify the application of the exception. When the applicant purposely defrauded the insurance and uses the two year period stipulated in the indefensible clause, the insurer must be in accordance with the law. The insured's compensation or payment of insurance is contrary to the principle of fair and impartial, and to a certain extent it has also condoned the act of insurance fraud and undermined the legitimate interests of the innocent insured.
This article tries to improve the application of the indefensible clause by exploring other means to prevent the insured from using the two - year term of the indefensible clause to deliberately carry out insurance fraud and damage the legitimate interests of other innocent policyholders. The text is divided into three parts: the basic structure and main content of this article are:
In the first part, the article introduces the indefensible clauses of the sixteenth provisions of the insurance law in China. This part begins with the concept of the indefensible clause, introduces its background and theoretical basis, and combines the value pursuit of the indefensible clause to illustrate the necessity and importance of the indefensible clause in China. It is put forward that the indefensible clause in our country has the defects of the system. The undefensible clause is only a summary of the provisions, but it does not stipulate the applicable exceptions and easily indulge the insured to use the period of two years to carry out the insurance fraud, and then lead to the perfection of the indefensible clause.
The second part mainly introduces the challenge of the insurance fraud to the indefensible clause. The insurance fraud in this article is different from the general insurance fraud, so this part gives a detailed introduction to the concept and the constitutive requirements of the insurance fraud, and then puts forward that the insurance fraud is produced on the indefensible clause. Challenges result in violating the legislative purpose, increasing insurance fraud cases, and developing crisis in the insurance industry.
The third part mainly introduces the improvement of the revocation right of the contract law to the indefensible clause. First, it clearly illustrates the application of the insurance law and the contract law, and combines the introduction of the legal rescission right and the scope of application of the revocation right of the insurer, and sums up the conclusion that when the legal terminating right and the revocation right of the insurer are concurrence, it can be concluded. It is the innovation of this article that the revocation right of the insurer is applied to make up for the defects of the indefensible clause, and to punish the two - year term of the undefensible clause to carry out the fraud and maintain the fair and justice of the society.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D922.284;D923.6

【参考文献】