远程消费者保护机制研究

发布时间：2018-06-03 01:02

  本文选题：远程消费者保护 + 反悔权　； 参考：《武汉大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：远程消费者交易中的消费者由于远程的特性对交易对手缺乏了解、缔约前不能亲自审视交易的商品并且要预先支付货款，在交易中承担了极大的风险；而当远程消费者的利益受到损害时由于距离的障碍又得不到有效地救济，所以为远程消费者提供有效的保护是当前各国及国际组织私法领域立法及研究的重点。本文在我国现有立法缺失的现状下，试图通过对各主要远程消费者保护制度的分析、评鉴归纳出适合我国采纳的制度体系。全文共分五章，，首先探讨消费者保护的基本理论；其次分析在我国远程消费者交易中普遍使用的托付机制的实质、功能价值及局限；再通过对欧盟的远程消费者保护基本制度反悔权机制的介绍、分析及价值权衡，寻找该项机制在我国的可适性；另外还对远程消费者合同的纠纷解决机制进行了详细的分析比较；最后提出我国远程消费者保护机制的建立依据与实现途径。 第一章是关于远程消费者保护的总论。本章的目的是首先划定本文研究的范围、研究的理论及现实依据，作为全文研究的基础。首先通过对保护对象的定义的分析解释来确定远程消费者保护制度应当保护的对象；进而分析该保护对象在远程交易合同中的地位及现状；由于远程消费者在合同中的许多弱势，各国及国际组织对远程消费者的态度都是要积极的予以保护，此保护力度甚至高于普通的面对面交易中的消费者；本章最后通过对远程消费者保护的正当性及理论依据进行了分析，并对目前世界上的现有各种保护体制的发展趋势做以总结。 第二章是关于远程消费者合同履约保障机制，即托付制度的研究。“托付”在我国立法中是一个陌生的名词，但是实践中却普遍适用于远程消费者交易中，即远程交易中的第三方支付方法。这种方法是英美法上有500多年历史的重要的履约保障制度，在我国却是最先出现在现代的电子商务交易中。本章通过对普通法上托付制度的分析介绍，以及托付在各项交易中的重要作用，和我国第三方支付各种法律性质的对比，认为第三方支付就是托付。通过对托付的起效机理、功能及价值权衡之后，进而提出托付机构的信用必须来自与立法的保障，我国第三方支付自由发展的、无法律强制力保障的信用是非常危险的，必须通过立法对此种法律关系予以定性和规范。 第三章是关于远程消费者合同自我救济机制，即反悔权制度的研究。反悔权制度无疑是当代合同法改革的代表，被欧盟学者公认为近半个世纪欧盟私法进步的最重要的标志。本章着重对远程消费者无条件反悔权制度进行整体介绍与理论上的评价，因为反悔权制度不是一个简单的条款，而是一个庞大的制度体系，所以宏观视角的考量是非常重要的，任何漏失都有可能导致此种制度沦为无实质意义的形式摆设；本章还对欧盟的消费者反悔权制度体系的发展与统一做了详细的分析，欧盟刚刚于2011年底通过新的立法，对反悔权制度进行统一和完善，欧盟通过20几年的立法实践提供了非常有价值的参照，对欧盟经验的研究是我国采纳此项制度最重要的参考依据。 第四章是远程消费者合同的纠纷解决机制研究。远程消费者纠纷得不到有效解决是一个普遍存在的现象，但是却一直未被重视。本章针对远程消费者纠纷的具体特点，对现有的各种纠纷解决机制进行有效性的核评，并通过全球层面、区域层面以及各国国内层面三重视角对于有效纠纷解决机制的探索进行介绍与分析，探寻现存机制的症结及原因，其中特别对美国的拒付退款机制进行专门介绍。这一机制虽然以纠纷解决形式存在，但是在整个交易中起到改变消费者弱者地位的重要作用。进而作者提出CDR的理念，按照CDR的标准在对我国立法中以及实践中的各种机制进行评价，认为现存立法中的纠纷解决机制在远程消费者合同中作用微乎其微，但是实践中发展起来的托付ODR机制确实很有价值，是非常值得推广使用的。虽作者不主张以法院诉讼方式解决远程消费者交易纠纷，但是国际私法涉及到各国司法权限的划分，国际组织与各国对于远程消费者的国际私法保护也表现出相当的重视，因此本章还对国际私法近年来出现的对远程消费者的保护发展趋势做了分析与总结评价。 最后一章是本文的研究结论。前述几章中的各项制度都是分别就制度本身在各国的状况横向做以比较，本章则从对世界三大经济体的总体远程消费者保护制度的纵向比较入手，总结美国、欧盟和中国三种制度的总体差异与各自的功过，目的在于为我国未来采纳的远程消费者保护制度寻求最有价值的经验；进而又对我国政策的定位进行了探讨，包括确定政策落脚点的经济学理论依据和保护对象形象的确定，在此基础上的基本制度的确定以及政策实现渠道的确定；作者建议将远程消费者无条件反悔权作为远程消费者保护的基本制度，根据欧盟的经验教训和我国的实际情况为我国提供的相关立法参考；最后本文从保障基本制度实施才能为消费者提供实质保护的出发点，建议我国采纳反悔权制度体系应当结合的支付媒介向消费者增权的方式，并提出近期的和远期的构建我国远程消费者保护总体制度改革计划。
[Abstract]:Consumers in remote consumer trading are lack of understanding of their competitors because of their remote characteristics. They can not examine the goods of the transaction in person and pay the money in advance, and take a great risk in the transaction. And when the interests of the remote consumers are damaged, the barriers of distance can not be effectively remedied. Providing effective protection for remote consumers is the focus of legislation and research in the field of private law in various countries and international organizations. Under the present situation of lack of legislation in our country, this paper tries to summarize the system of system suitable for our country through the analysis of the main remote consumer protection system. The full text is divided into five chapters, which first discusses the consumer. Secondly, the basic theory of protection is analyzed. Secondly, the essence, function value and limitations of the universal trust mechanism used in the remote consumer trading in China are analyzed, and the mechanism of the EU's remote consumer protection is introduced, analyzed and weighed to find the suitability of the mechanism in our country; and the remote consumption is also used. The dispute settlement mechanism of the contract is analyzed and compared in detail. Finally, the foundation and the way to realize the establishment of the remote consumer protection mechanism in China are put forward.
The first chapter is the general theory of remote consumer protection. The purpose of this chapter is to delimit the scope of this study, the theoretical and practical basis of the research, as the foundation of the full text research. First, through the analysis and interpretation of the definition of the protection object, the object of the remote consumer protection system should be determined; and then the protection object is analyzed. In the distance trade contract, the status and status of the contract, because of the many weaknesses of the remote consumer in the contract, the attitude of the countries and international organizations to the remote consumers should be actively protected. This protection is even higher than the ordinary consumers in face-to-face transactions. The theoretical basis is analyzed, and the current development trend of various protection systems in the world is summarized.
The second chapter is about the guarantee mechanism for the contract performance of remote consumers, that is, the study of the trust system. "Entrusting" is a strange noun in our country's legislation, but it is generally applied to the remote consumer transaction, that is, the third party payment method in the distance transaction. This method is an important performance of the history of more than 500 years in Anglo American law. The guarantee system is the first in our country to appear in the modern electronic commerce transaction. This chapter, through the analysis and introduction of the general law, and the important role of the trust in various transactions, and the comparison of the various legal nature of the third parties in our country, thinks that the third party payment is entrusted. After the trade-off between the value and the value, the credit of the entrusted agency must come from the guarantee of the legislation. The credit of the third party in our country is free to develop, and the credit which can not be guaranteed by law is very dangerous. It must be qualitatively and standardized through legislation.
The third chapter is about the self remedy mechanism of remote consumer contract, that is, the study of the system of the right of regret. The right of rep is undoubtedly the representative of the reform of the contemporary contract law. It is recognized by the European Union scholars as the most important symbol of the progress of the private law of the EU in the last half century. This chapter focuses on the overall introduction and reason of the unconditional reputies system of the remote consumers. It is not a simple clause, but a large system system, so the consideration of the macro perspective is very important, and any leakage may cause the system to be reduced to unsubstantial form; this chapter also makes the development and unification of the system of the EU's right of consumer repent. In detail, the EU has just adopted new legislation at the end of 2011 to unify and perfect the system of the right of remission. The EU has provided a very valuable reference for the legislative practice of 20 years, and the study of EU experience is the most important reference for the adoption of this system in China.
The fourth chapter is the research on the dispute settlement mechanism of remote consumer contract. It is a common phenomenon that the remote consumer dispute can not be effectively solved, but it has not been paid attention to. This chapter aims at the specific characteristics of remote consumer disputes, and makes a nuclear evaluation on the effectiveness of the existing dispute settlement mechanism and through the global level. The domain level and the three perspectives of the national level of all countries have introduced and analyzed the exploration of effective dispute resolution mechanism, exploring the crux and reasons of the existing mechanism, especially in the United States, the mechanism of dishonoured refund is specially introduced. Although the mechanism exists in the form of dispute settlement, it will change the weak consumer in the whole transaction. The author puts forward the idea of CDR and evaluates various mechanisms in the legislation and practice of our country according to the standard of CDR. The author thinks that the dispute settlement mechanism in the existing legislation has little effect on the remote consumer contract, but the ODR mechanism developed in practice is very valuable, and it is very important. It is worth popularizing. Although the author does not advocate the settlement of remote consumer transaction disputes by the way of court litigation, the international private law involves the division of judicial powers in various countries, and the international organizations and countries have shown considerable attention to the protection of the private international law for remote consumers. Therefore, this chapter also has a long distance on the private international law in recent years. The development trend of consumer protection is analyzed and summarized.
The last chapter is the conclusion of this paper. All the systems in the preceding chapters are to compare the situation of the system itself in different countries. This chapter, starting with the longitudinal comparison of the overall remote consumer protection system of the three largest economies in the world, summarizes the overall differences and merits of the three systems in the United States, the EU and China. The aim is to seek the most valuable experience for the remote consumer protection system adopted in our country in the future, and then the orientation of China's policy is discussed, including the economic theoretical basis of determining the foothold of the policy and the determination of the image of the protection object, the determination of the basic system on this basis and the determination of the channel of policy realization; The author suggests that the unconditional reparation of remote consumers should be used as the basic system of remote consumer protection, according to the experience and lessons of the EU and the actual situation of our country to provide relevant legislative reference for our country. Finally, this article from the guarantee of the implementation of the basic system can provide the starting point for the consumer to provide substantial protection, and suggests that our country adopt the system of repent right. The degree system should combine the way of the payment medium to the consumer, and put forward the short-term and long-term construction of the overall system reform plan of China's remote consumer protection system.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D997


本文编号：1970861