立法视野下的环境权法理分析

发布时间：2018-04-24 17:50

本文选题：环境权 + 宪法权利　；参考：《华东政法大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 刚过去的2007年,是中国环境危机突现多发的一年。环境问题频频发生的重要原因之一就是环境保护立法体系不健全,很多条款明显带有计划经济的烙印,滞后于社会发展,成为名存实亡的“休眠条款”。环境权理论是环境保护立法的基础理论。深入研究环境权的相关问题,对于完善我国环境保护立法体系和改善环境现状都具有重要的现实价值。本文分为五个部分,导言部分简要介绍我国环境权研究现状,阐述了环境权存在的现实价值。上世纪60年代,法学界开始对环境危机进行反思和检讨,提出了“环境权”这一概念。目前,环境权作为一种新型的权利,已被国际社会认可。第一章首先界定环境的概念,在分析环境权的主体、客体和内容张力维度及逻辑关联的基础上,定义环境权的概念。环境权的主体应特指自然人、后代人,而不涵盖国家、法人或其他组织、自然体和全人类。环境权的客体包括物、行为、精神财富和人身。环境权的内容主要包括环境使用权、环境知情权、环境参与权和环境请求权。因此环境权是指自然人包括后代人天赋的,在健康的、良好的环境里生存的权利以及为维护健康的、良好的环境而派生的知情、参与决策和救济请求的相关权利。第二章分析环境权产生和发展的现实基础和法理基础。环境恶化、生态危机以及由此引发的公民、国家政府和国际组织参与的环境保护运动是环境权的现实基础。环境权的法理基础主要包括公共信托理论、代际公平理论、可持续发展理论和人权理论四个方面。第三章概括介绍了国外的立法模式,进而与我国的立法现状进行比较分析,得出了我国目前立法缺陷主要在于权利位阶定位不准确、义务主体定位不清晰和立法体系结构不完善的结论。最后一章基于上述分析,旨在提出完善我国环境权法律制度的立法建议。在论证设立宪法环境权的必要性和可行性基础上,提出环境权入宪的立法主张。随后为保障宪法环境权的实现,提出了四点具体的法律制度支撑:一、从扩大环境影响评价的适用范围和增加违法成本两个方面,完善环境影响评价制度;二、提出环境知情权的义务主体应该是一切掌握环境信息的行政机关,采用反向列举加概括的方式明晰环境知情权的界限;三、通过设计公民环境参与权的实现程序和强化公民环境参与权义务主体的责任落实,加大参与权的决策力度;四、在环境权遭受侵害时,权利主体的救济方式应多元化,除了公力救济还应建构社会救济和私力救济制度,以完善对环境权的全方位保护。
[Abstract]:Just past 2007, is the Chinese environment crisis emergent one year. One of the important reasons for the frequent occurrence of environmental problems is that the legislative system of environmental protection is not perfect, many clauses are obviously marked by planned economy, lag behind the social development, and become "dormant clauses" that exist in name only. Environmental right theory is the basic theory of environmental protection legislation. It is of great practical value to study the related problems of environmental rights in order to perfect the legislation system of environmental protection and improve the present situation of environment. This paper is divided into five parts. The introduction briefly introduces the research status of environmental rights in China, and expounds the practical value of the existence of environmental rights. In the 1960s, the legal circles began to reflect on and review the environmental crisis and put forward the concept of "environmental right". At present, environmental rights as a new type of rights, has been recognized by the international community. The first chapter defines the concept of environment, and defines the concept of environmental right on the basis of analyzing the tension dimension and logical relation of subject, object and content of environmental right. The subject of environmental rights should refer specifically to natural persons, future generations, and not to States, legal persons or other organizations, natural bodies and mankind as a whole. The object of environmental right includes things, behavior, spiritual wealth and person. The content of the environmental right mainly includes the right to use the environment, the right to know the environment, the right to participate in the environment and the right to claim the environment. Therefore, the right to environment refers to the natural person's natural right, including the natural person's right to live in a healthy and good environment, and the right to know, participate in decision-making and request for relief in order to maintain a healthy and good environment. The second chapter analyzes the realistic and legal basis of the emergence and development of environmental rights. Environmental degradation, ecological crisis and the environmental protection movement in which citizens, national governments and international organizations participate are the realistic basis of environmental rights. The legal basis of environmental right mainly includes four aspects: public trust theory, intergenerational equity theory, sustainable development theory and human rights theory. The third chapter introduces the foreign legislative model, and then compares and analyzes the current legislation situation of our country, and draws the conclusion that the main defect of our current legislation lies in the inaccurate positioning of the right rank. The conclusion that the position of obligation subject is not clear and the legislative system structure is not perfect. The last chapter, based on the above analysis, aims to put forward legislative suggestions to perfect the legal system of environmental rights in China. On the basis of demonstrating the necessity and feasibility of setting up the constitutional environmental right, this paper puts forward the legislative proposition of the environmental right entering the constitution. Then in order to guarantee the realization of constitutional environmental rights, four specific legal system supports are put forward: first, to improve the environmental impact assessment system from two aspects: expanding the scope of application of environmental impact assessment and increasing illegal costs; second, It is proposed that the obligation subject of the right to know the environment should be the administrative organ that grasps the environmental information, and the boundary of the right to know the environment should be clarified by the way of reverse enumeration and generalization; third, Through designing the realization procedure of citizen's environmental participation right and strengthening the responsibility implementation of citizen's environmental participation right's obligation subject, the decision-making of participation right should be strengthened. Fourthly, when the environmental right is infringed, the relief way of the right subject should be diversified. In addition to public relief, social relief and private relief system should be constructed in order to improve the protection of environmental rights.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D922.68

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