核安全法草案中责任问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-02 23:56

本文选题：核安全法 + 安全责任　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：我国是世界上为数不多拥有完整核产业链体系的国家,核工业也是我国的战略性产业之一,中国政府发展核能的决心和信心一直没有动摇,到2020年中国在运和在建核电机组将居全球第二。但是,2011年福岛核事故给全球核能敲响警钟,也严重影响了民众对核能安全的信心。如何真正控制核安全风险、保证核能安全、协调国家发展战略和公众安全需求是核能领域亟待解决的重大问题。其中,完善核安全的法律规范体系,建立更加权威、有效、透明的制度是我们必然的选择。2016年,核安全法(草案)应运而生。作为核安全领域的首部法律,首次在法律的层面明确了“核安全”的概念,规定了各类主题的核安全责任,确立了各项核安全制度和措施,强调了信息公开和公众参与原则。此次核安全法(草案)的制定是核能领域立法的巨大突破,完全契合以法治为核心的现代核安全治理思想。核安全是核能利用的根基,安全责任又是核安全实现的前提和基础。核安全法草案虽然对12类主体的核安全责任进行了详细规定,但没有对核电站所属核电集团的责任做出规定,也没有强调营运单位负责人的责任,有可能导致营运单位核安全责任的虚化。因此本文建议制定核安全实施细则中要体现核电站和核电集团的关系,明确核电集团的相关责任;同时对营运单位和持有单位负责人的责任进行明确。其次,核安全法草案只是简单规定了核损害赔偿的基本原则,条款简单,无法指导重大核事故损害赔偿;因此有必要借鉴国外核立法的成熟经验,制定专门核损害赔偿法,建立适合中国国情的核损害赔偿制度。还有,核设施退役和放射性废物处理已成为核能发展的瓶颈因素,核安全法草案只是规定了核设施退役的许可制度和放射性废物处置基本原则。我们需要未雨绸缪,发展核设施退役关键技术,培养专门人才,出台核设施退役的管理条例,并对放射性废物管理进行专门立法。最后,核安全法草案存在个别行政法律责任处罚太轻,刑事法律责任规定过于简单的问题,建议根据核技术的特殊性,在法律责任一章中修正。
[Abstract]:China is one of the few countries in the world that has a complete nuclear industrial chain system, and the nuclear industry is also one of our strategic industries. The Chinese government's determination and confidence in developing nuclear energy have not wavered. By 2020, China will rank second in the world for nuclear power units in transit and under construction. But the 2011 Fukushima accident sounded a wake-up call for global nuclear energy and seriously undermined public confidence in nuclear safety. How to truly control the risk of nuclear safety, ensure the safety of nuclear energy, coordinate the national development strategy and public safety needs are the important problems to be solved urgently in the field of nuclear energy. Among them, perfecting the legal and normative system of nuclear safety and establishing a more authoritative, effective and transparent system is our inevitable choice. In 2016, the Nuclear Security Law (draft) came into being. As the first law in the field of nuclear safety, the concept of "nuclear safety" is defined at the legal level for the first time, the nuclear safety responsibility of various topics is defined, the nuclear safety regimes and measures are established, and the principles of information openness and public participation are emphasized. The formulation of the Nuclear Security Law (draft) is a great breakthrough in the legislation of nuclear energy field, which is fully in line with the modern nuclear safety governance thought with the rule of law as the core. Nuclear safety is the foundation of nuclear energy utilization, and safety responsibility is the premise and foundation of nuclear safety realization. Although the draft law on nuclear safety has detailed provisions on the nuclear safety responsibilities of the 12 categories of subjects, it does not specify the responsibilities of the nuclear power group to which the nuclear power plant belongs, nor does it emphasize the responsibility of the person in charge of the operation unit. May lead to the operation unit nuclear safety responsibility of the virtual. Therefore, this paper suggests that the relationship between nuclear power plant and nuclear power group should be reflected in the rules of nuclear safety implementation, and the responsibility of nuclear power group should be clarified, at the same time, the responsibility of the operator and the responsible person of the holding unit should be clarified. Secondly, the draft law on nuclear safety simply sets out the basic principles of compensation for nuclear damage, and the provisions are simple and cannot guide the compensation for damage caused by major nuclear accidents. Therefore, it is necessary to draw lessons from the mature experience of foreign nuclear legislation and formulate a special law on compensation for nuclear damage. To establish a system of compensation for nuclear damage suited to China's national conditions. Furthermore, the decommissioning of nuclear facilities and the disposal of radioactive waste have become bottlenecks in the development of nuclear energy, and the draft nuclear safety law provides only a licensing system for decommissioning nuclear facilities and basic principles for the disposal of radioactive waste. We need to plan ahead, develop key technologies for decommissioning nuclear facilities, train professionals, issue regulations for decommissioning nuclear facilities, and legislate specifically on radioactive waste management. Finally, the draft law on nuclear safety has the problem of too light punishment of individual administrative liability and too simple provision of criminal liability. It is suggested that the chapter on legal liability should be amended according to the particularity of nuclear technology.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.67

【参考文献】