电子废弃物立法比较研究及我国立法的完善

发布时间：2018-05-04 16:06

本文选题：电子废弃物 + 循环经济　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着世界经济的快速发展和现代科学技术的进步,电子技术得到广泛应用。电子产品的更新换代周期不断缩短,由此产生的电子废弃物每年以18%的速度增长,成为世界上增长最快的垃圾之一。与此同时,电子废弃物给环境带来许多潜在的危害,也造成了巨大的资源浪费。实现电子废弃物的资源化处置,对于使电子废弃物中有价值的部分资源得到回收利用,保护人类赖以生存的生态环境都具有十分重大的意义。鉴于此,世界上越来越多的国家开始思考如何使电子废弃物得到最好的回收处置以及循环利用:从20世纪70年代起采取的“末端治理”,发展为90年代的“源头治理”,其采取的措施中包括PPMS标准,即在产品加工和生产过程中就制定特定的环境标准,以预防环境污染为主,实施全过程管理,进而最终发展为完善的循环经济理念。循环经济理念倡导的是一种与自然相和谐的经济发展模式,它将经济活动高效有序的组织成一个“资源利用——绿色工业——资源再生”的封闭型物质能量循环的反馈式流动,保持经济生产的低消耗、低污染、高质量、高效率,从而将经济活动对自然环境的不利影响减少到最低程度。 20世纪90年代,美国、日本、欧盟等发达国家和地区开始通过立法手段来实现电子废弃物的回收及再利用,取得了显著的成效,总结出成功管理电子废弃物的经验,这包括:以立法支持电子废弃物的回收利用;将循环经济理念作为立法的指导思想;立法中明确划分相关责任主体的责任,强调建立生产者责任延伸制度;建立适合国情的回收利用费用分担制度。我国是世界上最大的电子电器产品生产和消费国之一,如今面临越来越严重的电子废弃物处理的压力。由于电子废弃物没有得到合理回收和充分利用,已经造成了巨大的资源浪费和环境污染。目前,我国对电子废弃物的立法尚处于起步阶段,仍缺乏全国性的法律规范。因此,借鉴国外电子废弃物的先进经验,结合我国的实际情况,迅速建立和完善我国的电子废弃物管理法律制度,对于最大化地利用有限的自然资源,保护环境,实现可持续发展以及“资源节约型、环境友好型社会”的目标具有重大的现实意义。文章从电子废弃物的管理理念入手,推出从末端治理的思想到源头治理思想,进而发展为循环经济理念,是一脉相承且不断完善的过程。随后分析比较了国内外发达国家和地区在循环经济理念指导下的电子废弃物立法状况以及主要法律制度。在此基础上,通过分析我国目前电子废弃物的管理现状、试点情况以及法律法规,指出我国电子废弃物管理法律制度仍存在很大的不足,并有待于进一步完善。最后在立足我国国情的基础上,借鉴国外的先进经验,重点论述电子废弃物管理法律制度中生产者责任延伸制度、押金退款制度以及监督管理制度,以期为我国电子废弃物管理立法提供一些有价值的研究成果。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of the world economy and the progress of modern science and technology, electronic technology has been widely used. The renewal cycle of electronic products has been shortened, and the resulting electronic waste is growing at a rate of 18% every year, and it has become one of the fastest growing garbage in the world. Meanwhile, electronic waste has brought many potential environment to the environment. It is of great significance to realize the recycling of the valuable part of the electronic waste, and to protect the ecological environment of human existence.
In view of this, more and more countries in the world have begun to think about how to make the best recycling and recycling of electronic waste. From the "end treatment" adopted in 1970s to "source governance" in 90s, the measures adopted include the PPMS standard, that is, in the process of product processing and production. The set of environmental standards, in order to prevent the pollution of the environment, implement the whole process management, and finally develop into a perfect circular economy concept. The concept of circular economy advocates a harmonious economic development model with nature. It will organize the economic activities in an efficient and orderly way into a "resource utilization green industry resource regeneration". The feedback flow of closed material energy cycle keeps low consumption of economic production, low pollution, high quality and high efficiency, thus reducing the adverse effects of economic activity on the natural environment to a minimum.
In 1990s, the United States, Japan, the European Union and other developed countries and regions began to implement the recycling and reuse of electronic waste through legislative means, and achieved remarkable results, summed up the experience of successful management of electronic waste. This includes the legislation to support the recycling of electronic waste, and the concept of circular economy as a legislative point. Guiding ideology, the responsibility of dividing the relevant responsibility subject clearly in the legislation, emphasizing the establishment of the extension system of producer responsibility, and establishing the system of cost sharing for the recovery and utilization of the national conditions.
China is one of the largest electronics and electronics production and consumer countries in the world, now facing more and more serious pressure on the disposal of electronic waste. Due to the lack of reasonable recycling and full use of electronic waste, it has caused huge waste of resources and environmental pollution. At present, the legislation of electronic waste is still in its start in China. At the stage, there is still a lack of national legal norms. Therefore, drawing on the advanced experience of foreign electronic waste and combining with the actual situation of our country, the legal system of electronic waste management in China is quickly established and perfected, which will make the maximum use of limited natural resources, protect the environment, achieve sustainable development and "resource saving, environmental friends." The goal of a good society is of great practical significance.
Starting with the management idea of electronic waste, the article introduces the idea from the end management to the source governance, and then develops into the concept of circular economy, which is a continuous and continuous process. Then, it compares the legislative situation of electronic waste and the main law in the developed countries and regions in China and abroad under the concept of circular economy. On this basis, through the analysis of the current situation of the management of electronic waste in China, the pilot situation and the laws and regulations, it is pointed out that the legal system of electronic waste management in our country still has great shortcomings and needs to be further improved. Finally, on the basis of our country's national conditions and drawing on the advanced experience of foreign countries, the electronic waste is focused on the electronic waste. The extension system of producer responsibility, the deposit refund system and the supervision and management system in the legal system for the management of abandoned objects in order to provide some valuable research results for the legislation of electronic waste management in China.

【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D922.68

【引证文献】