论船舶油污环境损害的赔偿范围

发布时间：2018-05-05 13:50

本文选题：船舶油污 + 海洋环境损害　；参考：《山东大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：自工业革命以后,海上石油运输越来越繁荣,海洋遭受的石油污染损害也日趋严重。随着国际上一系列重大油污事件的发生,海洋环境保护与船舶油污损害赔偿问题也受到国际公约和国内立法的关注,我国尚无专门的船舶油污环境损害赔偿方面立法,审判机关在法律适用上也很不统一。本文主要结合环境损害赔偿的基本理论及国内外立法,针对我国船舶油污的损害赔偿实践,探究船舶油污的环境损害赔偿范围。文章第一部分首先界定了船舶油污造成的“海洋环境损害”的法律概念。从海洋环境的概念出发,区分了海洋环境、海洋资源和海洋生态三组概念的不同,认为海洋环境包含海洋资源和海洋生态。本文认为当前应对“环境损害”概念采狭义解释,即环境损害仅指对环境本身的损害,并在此基础上以概括加列举的方式对船舶溢油造成的“海洋环境损害”进行了定义。船舶溢油引起的海洋环境损害不同于一般的侵权损害,具有涉及范围广、价值难估量、恢复周期长、评估技术性强等特点。文章第二部分主要阐述了船舶油污环境损害赔偿的理论基础。环境权理论是环境损害赔偿的权利基础,本文认为环境权既然是一项新型的权利,其权利的内容也不同于传统的人身权和财产权,是环境自身应处于良好的可持续发展的权利。公共信托理论为环境损害赔偿提供了救济权依据,是我国《海洋环境保护法》第九十条第二款的立法依据。损害“差额说”理论一直是大陆法系损害赔偿法领域的权威学说,该学说深刻揭示了损害事实与赔偿范围之间的关系,对于研究环境损害赔偿有重要启发作用。文章第三部分介绍了当前公约体系、《美国油污法》体系及我国法律体系下船舶油污环境损害赔偿范围的相关规定,认为从赔偿范围的规定和评估准则方面看,《美国油污法》体系较公约体系更加科学、全面,在保护海洋环境方面更有力度。在赔偿范围方面,我国法与1992CLC的规定不完全一致,本文认为发生在我国海域内的船舶油污环境损害赔偿,无论是否具有涉外因素,都应优先适用国际公约的规定。文章第四部分对船舶油污环境损害赔偿范围进行了系统的解构。认为应当采全面赔偿和限制赔偿相结合的原则进行赔偿范围的界定,在以上两原则的基础上,本文认为船舶油污环境损害赔偿范围应包括包括基本的恢复费用、恢复期间的环境价值损失、不可恢复的环境损失和评估费用。。针对当前我国司法实践中存在的索赔项目存在重复的问题,本文认为应对相关评估标准进行修订；在天然渔业资源损失实际不能得到公约体系支持的现状下,本文认为应该呼吁国际社会尽快对1992CLC进行修订,以实现对船舶油污环境损害的全面赔偿。本文主要采用了历史分析、比较分析、案例分析、法律解释等方法进行研究。
[Abstract]:Since the Industrial Revolution, oil transportation by sea has become more and more prosperous, and oil pollution damage to the sea has become more and more serious. With the occurrence of a series of major oil pollution incidents in the world, the problems of marine environmental protection and compensation for oil pollution damage from ships are also concerned by international conventions and domestic legislation. There is no special legislation on compensation for oil pollution environmental damage from ships in China. Judicial organs in the application of the law is also very inconsistent. Based on the basic theory of environmental damage compensation and legislation at home and abroad, this paper probes into the scope of compensation for environmental damage caused by oil pollution from ships in China in view of the practice of compensation for damage caused by oil pollution from ships. The first part defines the legal concept of marine environmental damage caused by oil pollution. Based on the concept of marine environment, this paper distinguishes the three groups of concepts of marine environment, marine resources and marine ecology, and holds that marine environment includes marine resources and marine ecology. This paper holds that the concept of "environmental damage" should be interpreted in a narrow sense at present, that is, environmental damage only refers to the damage to the environment itself, and on this basis, the "marine environmental damage" caused by oil spill from ships is defined by means of summing up and enumerating. The marine environmental damage caused by ship oil spill is different from the general tort damage. It has the characteristics of wide range, inestimable value, long recovery period, strong technical evaluation and so on. In the second part, the theoretical basis of compensation for oil pollution environmental damage is discussed. The theory of environmental right is the right basis of environmental damage compensation. Since environmental right is a new type of right, the content of environmental right is different from traditional personal right and property right, and it is the right that the environment itself should be in good sustainable development. The public trust theory provides the relief right basis for the environmental damage compensation and is the legislative basis of the second paragraph of Article 90 of the Marine Environment Protection Law of our country. The theory of damage "difference" has always been the authoritative theory in the field of damage compensation law in civil law system, which reveals the relationship between the fact of damage and the scope of compensation, and has an important enlightening effect on the study of compensation for environmental damage. The third part of the article introduces the current convention system, the system of "American Oil pollution Act" and the relevant provisions of the scope of compensation for oil pollution environmental damage of ships under the legal system of our country. It is considered that the OPA system is more scientific, comprehensive and effective in protecting the marine environment than the Convention system in terms of the scope of compensation and the evaluation criteria. In terms of the scope of compensation, the law of our country is not completely consistent with the provisions of 1992CLC. This paper holds that the provisions of international conventions should be applied first to the compensation for oil pollution environmental damage caused by ships occurring in the sea area of China, whether or not there are foreign factors involved. The fourth part of the paper systematically deconstructs the compensation range of ship oil pollution environmental damage. On the basis of the above two principles, this paper holds that the scope of compensation for oil pollution environmental damage of ships should include basic restoration costs. Loss of environmental value during restoration, unrecoverable environmental loss and assessment costs. In view of the duplication of claim items in the current judicial practice of our country, this paper holds that the relevant assessment criteria should be revised, and that the loss of natural fishery resources can not be supported by the convention system. This paper argues that the international community should be called upon to amend 1992CLC as soon as possible in order to realize the comprehensive compensation for the damage to the oil pollution environment of ships. This paper mainly uses historical analysis, comparative analysis, case analysis, legal interpretation and other methods to study.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.6;D922.294;X55

【引证文献】