我国农村土地污染纠纷民事救济完善之研究

发布时间：2018-05-10 19:55

本文选题：农村土地 + 污染侵权　；参考：《昆明理工大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 工业生产给人类带来丰富的物质财富的同时,也给人类带来了严重的环境污染问题。自我国政府开始重视环境污染问题以来,我国的城市环境得到了较大改善。然而,一些工厂迁出城市,使城市环境污染减轻的同时,并不意味着我国的环境污染问题得到了解决。这些工厂在城市郊区和农村扎根,加上农村乡镇企业无规划地发展和农药、化肥的使用,使得农村这片本来比较纯净的土地开始承受污染的剧痛。以土地为生的农民不得不拿起法律武器寻求解决之道,因此,由土地污染而产生的民事纠纷不断增多。但是,我国法律在解决农村土地污染纠纷方面存在诸多问题,使得受害者得不到有效救济。首先是农村土地的权属问题不清,农民享有的土地权利不明,使其救济权得不到有效保障;其次是我国尚未正式确立“环境权”,相应的环境侵权的救济体系也就不完善,这就导致污染受害者很难在维权行动中取胜。在此背景下,本文避开“环境权”这一有争议的概念,从我国农村土地的产权制度入手,以实体的土地权利来探究对其救济问题,分析得出我国农民的土地救济权利得不到有效保障的根本原因在于:我国农村土地权属制度的不完善,土地的使用者不能对污染侵害行使完全的救济权,也就是说,农民只享有事后索赔的债权请求权,而缺乏事中要求停止侵害、排除妨害的物权请求权。然后本文剖析了我国现有的关于农村土地污染救济的法律依据存在的缺陷,再对目前我国现有的救济的途径——协商、调解、诉讼进行一一的分解,指出它们在具体实施过程中有不足。之后,对日本、美国和我国台湾地区关于土地污染纠纷救济的制度做了比较分析,得出我国可以在确定土地基本权利、加强行政机关的职能作用、完善环境侵权相关理论制度、引进社会化救济方式方面借鉴这些国家的有效做法。本文从我国现有的国情出发,并在综合分析的基础上提出了我国在解决农村土地污染纠纷时应该完善的措施,包括进一步明晰农村土地的权属制度,充分保障农民自主行使土地污染的救济权;对现有法律中存在的矛盾之处进行调整,确保法律的统一;完善土地污染者的法律责任,使土地污染纠纷的解决有明确的问责机制;建立对土地本身的救济方式,尽可能地恢复土地的使用价值,保护有限的土地资源。在纠纷解决的途径方面,一方面要加强环境行政机关的调解功能,另一方面,要完善现有的侵权诉讼制度,最后,文章构建了土地污染的社会化救济方式,包括污染者责任保险制度和土地污染公共补偿基金,以转嫁土地污染的责任,在减轻企业负担的同时保证受害者得到及时有效的救济。
[Abstract]:Industrial production not only brings rich material wealth to human beings, but also brings serious environmental pollution to human beings. Since our government began to pay attention to the problem of environmental pollution, our urban environment has been greatly improved. However, when some factories move out of the city and reduce the urban environmental pollution, it does not mean that the problem of environmental pollution in our country has been solved. These factories have taken root in the suburbs of cities and the countryside, coupled with the unplanned development of rural township enterprises and the use of pesticides and fertilizers, which has made the purer rural land begin to suffer from pollution. Land farmers have to take up legal weapons to find a solution, so civil disputes caused by land pollution are increasing. However, there are many problems in solving the land pollution dispute in our country, which makes the victims get no effective relief. Firstly, the ownership of rural land is not clear, the land rights of farmers are not clear, and the relief rights of farmers can not be effectively protected; secondly, the "environmental rights" have not been formally established in our country, and the corresponding relief system of environmental infringement is not perfect. This makes it difficult for pollution victims to win the campaign. Under this background, this article avoids the controversial concept of "environmental right", starts with the property right system of rural land in our country, and probes into the relief problem to it with the land rights of entity. It is concluded that the fundamental reason why the land relief rights of the peasants in our country can not be effectively guaranteed lies in: the imperfect system of land ownership in rural areas and the fact that the land users cannot exercise the full relief right to the pollution infringement, that is to say, Farmers only have the claim right of claim after the event, but lack the right to claim the right to stop the infringement and exclude the impairing right of real right. Then this paper analyzes the defects of the existing legal basis for the relief of rural land pollution in China, and then decomposes the existing relief channels of our country-negotiation, mediation, litigation, one by one. It is pointed out that they are insufficient in the concrete implementation process. After that, the author makes a comparative analysis of the relief systems of land pollution disputes between Japan, the United States and Taiwan, and concludes that China can determine the basic rights of land, strengthen the function of administrative organs, and perfect the relevant theoretical system of environmental tort. The introduction of social relief methods to learn from the effective practices of these countries. Based on the current situation of our country, and on the basis of comprehensive analysis, this paper puts forward some measures that should be taken to solve the disputes of land pollution in rural areas, including further clarifying the ownership system of rural land. Fully protect farmers' right to self-exercise the relief of land pollution; adjust the contradictions existing in the existing laws to ensure the unity of the law; improve the legal responsibility of land polluters so that there is a clear accountability mechanism for the settlement of land pollution disputes; Establish the relief method to the land itself, restore the use value of the land as much as possible, protect the limited land resources. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen the mediation function of environmental administrative organs, on the other hand, to improve the existing tort litigation system. Finally, the article constructs a socialized relief method for land pollution. Including the polluter liability insurance system and the land pollution public compensation fund to transfer the responsibility of land pollution, while reducing the burden of enterprises to ensure that victims receive timely and effective relief.
【学位授予单位】：昆明理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D922.6;D925.1

【引证文献】