论环境侵权中的无过错责任原则和举证责任倒置

发布时间：2018-05-20 04:24

本文选题：环境侵权 + 无过错责任原则　；参考：《中国政法大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 无过错责任原则与举证责任倒置均兴起于近代工业社会,都在某种程度上对传统民事法理论作出一些修正,且均体现出法律对公平正义目标的追求。我国环境侵权立法在归责原则上,目前采无过错责任原则的一元体制,在举证责任分配上,对因果关系统一由污染者承担举证责任。这与德国、日本和英美法系国家相应立法都有很大差别,这些国家在环境侵权归责原则上采二元体制——过错责任与无过错责任原则并存,在举证责任分配上也适用较灵活。我国在环境侵权的立法和理论方面存在一定的矛盾,以致引起无过错责任原则和举证责任倒置的扩大适用。针对这种情况,我国建立、健全以无过错责任原则为主、过错责任为补充的环境侵权归责体系；在举证责任分配上,避免“一刀切”地对所有环境诉讼案件适用同一标准,避免当前举证责任倒置被扩大适用的情况,必须针对类型化的环境侵权进行具体分析,综合考量影响举证责任分配的多种因素,通过实行环境侵权举证责任的多样化,来保障和实现环境诉讼的程序正义。尽快通过司法解释来完善现有立法,是完善我国环境侵权制度的便捷途径。我国的司法实践证明,60年间“两高”制定的司法解释,不仅对审判工作的顺利开展起了重要的作用,也为我国立法事业的发展贡献了许多力量。通过司法解释厘清环境侵权的界限,并对无过错责任原则的适用范围和举证责任分配的空间作详细规定,是解决当前问题的有效方法。
[Abstract]:The principle of no-fault liability and the inversion of the burden of proof both arose in the modern industrial society, and both made some amendments to the traditional theory of civil law to some extent, and both reflected the law's pursuit of the goal of fairness and justice. In the principle of imputation, the legislation of environmental tort in our country adopts the unitary system of no-fault liability at present. In the distribution of burden of proof, the polluter bears the burden of proof in the unity of causality. This is very different from the corresponding legislation of Germany, Japan and Anglo-American law system countries, which adopt dualistic system-fault liability and no-fault liability principle in the principle of environmental tort imputation, and the allocation of burden of proof is also more flexible. There are some contradictions in the legislation and theory of environmental tort in our country, which leads to the extension of the principle of no-fault liability and the inversion of the burden of proof. In view of this situation, our country establishes and perfects the environmental tort liability system, which is mainly based on the principle of no-fault liability and supplemented by fault liability, and avoids applying the same standard to all environmental litigation cases in a "one-size-fits-all" manner in the distribution of the burden of proof. In order to avoid the current situation that the burden of proof has been expanded and applied, it is necessary to make a concrete analysis of the type of environmental tort, consider comprehensively the factors that affect the distribution of the burden of proof, and carry out the diversification of the burden of proof in environmental tort. To protect and realize the procedural justice of environmental litigation. It is a convenient way to perfect the system of environmental tort through judicial interpretation as soon as possible. The judicial practice of our country has proved that the judicial interpretation formulated by the "two High" in the past 60 years not only played an important role in the smooth development of the judicial work, but also contributed a lot to the development of the legislative cause of our country. It is an effective method to solve the current problem by clarifying the limits of environmental tort through judicial interpretation and providing in detail the scope of application of the principle of no-fault liability and the distribution of the burden of proof.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D922.6

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