我国环境侵权民事责任研究

发布时间：2018-06-15 01:51

本文选题：环境侵权 + 侵权责任　；参考：《河北经贸大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：现代社会，环境问题日益严重，解决环境问题已经成为各学科重要的研究方向之一。减少环境污染侵权的发生，切实做到环境侵权受害人的损失能够得到及时的赔偿，是我们面临的棘手问题。本文从环境侵权的民事责任这一角度出发，重点阐述了环境侵权相关的民事责任制度。本文第一部分为环境侵权民事责任概述，主要介绍了环境侵权的表现形式以及法律概念。环境侵权是指公民、法人和其他组织因人为活动造成环境污染或生态破坏,并因此损害他人的人身权、财产权以及环境权等权益,依法应当承担环境责任的一种特殊侵权行为。第一章还对环境侵权的特征进行了介绍，环境侵权与其他侵权行为相比具有一些自身特有属性。如在主体方面，具有不可互换和不平等性性；在客体方面，它的侵害对象具有复合性与广泛性；环境侵害除此之外还具有潜在危害性、持续性和不明确性；环境损害具有累积性；环境侵权在原因行为上具有价值双重性等等特征。这些特点造就了环境侵权在民事责任的承担方式上有别于其他类型的民事侵权。本章中的第二部分，详细介绍了我国环境侵权民事责任制度的沿革，其中我国环境侵权民事责任制度经历了产生期、发展期、完善期三个阶段。本章中的第三部分描述了环境侵权的表现形式，具体分为海洋污染、水体污染、大气污染、放射性污染等。本文第二章则集中分析概括了环境侵权民事责任的归责原则问题。阐述了环境侵权中确立的理论基础即无过错归责原则。第二部分论述了环境侵权民事责任的构成要件。其中包括侵权行为的违法性要件；损害结果中包括侵权造成损害的定义，环境侵权造成损害结果之特殊性分析；环境侵权行为与损害后果之间的因果关系的分析。本章的第三部分论述了我国环境侵权民事责任的免责事由都包含了哪些内容，其中包括不可抗力、受害人过错、第三人过错、国家行政机关的责任等。本文的第三章主要借鉴了国外环境侵权民事责任制度，通过对日本、德国、美国等发达国家环境侵权民事责任制度的比较，从而发现我国制度中的缺漏，通过借鉴对我国环境侵权民事责任制度提出了改善意见。本文章中最后一部分论述的是笔者对我国环境侵权民事责任制度构建方面的建议，如能否尝试构建其他制度用以配合立法去共同解决环境侵权问题。环境侵权的立法规制中有其局限性，，应充分发挥社会在环境侵权方面的作用，建立一整互助的措施，配合立法规制，这样才会做到环境侵权规制的最佳效果。环境侵权的预防以及环境侵权所导致的损害的赔偿需要一整套合理的制度予以规制。因此，在我国应建立环境侵权的损害赔偿基金制度、环境侵权保险制度、完善环境侵权社会化保障制度等相关配套制度。近期在我国中东部出现的雾霾天气充分的说明了环境已经不仅仅是个法律问题，更重要的是社会问题。因此，需要我们来共同努力，保护好家园，为我们以后更美好的生活做点贡献。
[Abstract]:In modern society, environmental problems are becoming more and more serious, and solving environmental problems has become one of the most important research directions in various disciplines. It is a difficult problem for us to reduce the occurrence of environmental pollution torts and the timely compensation for the loss of the victims of environmental tort. This article starts with the civil liability of environmental tort. The first part of this article is an overview of the civil liability for environmental tort, mainly introducing the forms of environmental tort and the concept of law. Environmental tort refers to the environmental pollution or biological damage caused by citizens, legal persons and other organizations for activities, and thus damages the personal rights of others, and the property rights of others. Property rights and environmental rights, such as rights and interests, should bear a special tort of environmental liability in accordance with the law. Chapter 1 also introduces the characteristics of environmental tort. Environmental tort has some own unique properties compared with other acts of tort. In the subject, it is not interchangeable and unequal; in the object, it is infringed. The object is complex and extensive; in addition to the environmental infringement, it also has the potential harmfulness, the persistence and uncertainty, the environmental damage is cumulated, and the environmental tort has the dual character of value in the cause and behavior. These characteristics make the environmental tort different from other types of civil liability. The second part of this chapter introduces the evolution of the system of civil liability for environmental tort in China. The system of civil liability for environmental tort in China has experienced a period of production, development and three stages. The third part of this chapter describes the expression form of environmental tort, which is divided into marine pollution, water pollution and atmospheric pollution. Dye, radioactive pollution, etc.
The second chapter of this article mainly analyzes and summarizes the principle of liability fixation of civil liability for environmental tort. It expounds the theoretical basis of environmental tort, namely, the principle of no fault imputation. The second part discusses the elements of the civil liability for environmental tort, including the offense of tort, and the damage results include the damage caused by tort. The definition of the damage, the analysis of the particularity of the result of the damage caused by the environmental tort; the analysis of the causality between the environmental tort and the consequences of the damage. The third part of this chapter expounds the contents of the exemption of the civil liability for environmental tort in our country, including the impress, the fault of the victim, the fault of the third party, the State Administration. The responsibility of the organization.
The third chapter of this article mainly draws lessons from the civil liability system of foreign environmental tort, and compares the civil liability system of environmental tort in developed countries such as Japan, Germany and the United States, and finds out the lack of the system in our country, and puts forward some suggestions for improving the civil liability system of environmental tort in our country.
The last part of this article discusses the author's suggestion to the construction of the civil liability system of environmental tort in China, such as whether we can try to build other systems to cooperate with the legislation to solve the problem of environmental tort. There are limitations in the legislative regulation of environmental tort. The measures of mutual assistance and legislative regulation will make the best effect of environmental tort regulation. The prevention of environmental tort and the compensation for damage caused by environmental tort need a complete set of reasonable system. Therefore, we should establish a compensation fund system for environmental tort, environmental tort insurance system and perfect ring in China. The recent fog and haze weather in the East and the middle of China has fully demonstrated that the environment is not only a legal problem, but also a social problem. Therefore, we need to work together to protect our homes and contribute to a better life in the future.
【学位授予单位】：河北经贸大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D923;D922.68

【参考文献】