论环境侵权的民事责任

发布时间：2018-06-21 13:11

本文选题：环境侵权 + 民事责任　；参考：《对外经济贸易大学》2003年硕士论文

【摘要】： 本文主要从环境侵权行为、环境侵权民事责任的概念和特征、环境侵权民事责任的归责原则、环境侵权民事责任的构成要件、环境侵权民事责任的抗辩事由、环境侵权民事责任的承担方式六个方面进行论述，试图对我国民法中的环境侵权民事责任谈一些我的看法。环境侵权行为是指因行为人排放污染物或者从事其他开发利用环境的活动，造成了环境污染或破坏，导致相当地区多数人财产和人身的损害，或危及人类生存和发展的事实，并依法应承担民事责任的一种特殊侵权行为。当前的环境侵权行为具有环境侵权的广泛性，环境侵权的复杂性，环境侵权的潜伏性，环境侵权的行政合法性，环境侵权主体实际地位的不平等性的特点。环境侵权民事责任是指企业、事业单位或个人因污染、破坏环境而侵害了不特定多数人的人身，财产利益所应当承担的民事法律责任。其特征为：是一种侵权的民事责任；是以环境侵权行为这种特殊侵权行为为前提的；具有强制性；责任形式主要是财产责任，但也不限于财产责任。环境侵权民事责任的归责原则，经历了从过失责任原则到“过失客观化”，再到“违法视为过失”，进而到“过失推定论”以至无过失责任原则确立的发展过程。在我国的环境侵权中适用的是无过失责任原则，并具有以下特征：不考虑侵权人的过错；因果关系是决定责任的基本条件。另外无过失责任的适用对保险制度和分担制度产生了很大的影响。环境侵权民事责任的构成，是指构成具体环境侵权行为所必须具备的条件，也是判断侵权行为人是否应负侵权民事责任的根据。它包括：危害环境的行为、损害事实、行为与损害之间的因果关系三个方面。其中，危害环境的行为，即环境侵权行为必须是对环境造成污染或破坏的行为，它是构成环境侵权的前提。损害事实，是构成环境侵权行为的必要条件，主要包括：财产和人身的不利结果。按受害人的性质可划分为：对国 WP=4 家财产的侵害；对法人、非法人团体财产权的侵害；对公民人身、财产权的侵害。行为与损害事实之间因果关系方面采用推定规则，并在处理环境侵权案件的实践中，广泛采用这一规则。环境侵权民事责任的抗辩事由，是指在环境污染致害侵权行为案件中，加害行为符合环境侵权的各个构成要件，但依据法律规定，可以免除或减轻加害人民事责任的事实和理由。抗辩事由必须具有法定性，包括不可抗力、第三人的过错、受害人的过错。环境侵权民事责任的承担方式主要有我国《民法通则》第134条中规定的停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险、赔偿损失、恢复原状五种。停止侵害是要求环境侵权行为人结束侵权状态的法律责任形式；排除妨碍是指排除由于环境污染和破坏对他人造成人身或财产危害，其中包括正在发生或已发生的危害；消除危险是指行为人的环境侵权行为对他人的财产安全造成威胁，或存在侵害他人人身和财产的可能，他人有权要求行为人采取有效措施消除危险；赔偿损失是针对事后补救所采用的措施，是环境民事法律责任形式中应用最广泛的一种责任形式。在污染环境导致的损害赔偿纠纷中，应当适用处理特殊侵权行为的原则对污染侵害实行无过失责任。无须证明加害行为违法或者具有违法性。加害行为与侵害或者损害之间的因果关系的证明，实行“举证责任倒置”；恢复原状这种责任方式既可以适用于环境、资源被破坏的场合，又可以适用于环境污染防治方面。这是因为，环境被污染、破坏有时是可以恢复原状的。我国环境法制建设取得了较大成就，尤其是环境侵权法的形成和发展。在近几年的时间里，已经形成我国环境侵权法自身特点：（1）我国环境侵权法的现状表现为民法与环境法共同规定的特点；（2）无过失责任立法彻底；（3）环境法对诉讼时效有特殊规定；（4）规定了环境侵权举证责任转移问题；（5）确立了因果关系推定原则。但同时也存在着体系不协调，规范不健全的问题。如，《民法通则》与环境法的有关规定不完全一致，造成环境侵权纠纷在实际处理上，受害人的合法权益无法保障。 WP=5 为了更好地保障受害人的合法权利，适应我国经济建设发展的需要，我们要更好地学习和借鉴国外环保立法的成功经验，逐步健全和完善我国环境体制，充分发挥民法在保护环境、维护生态平衡方面的作用，切实保护受害人的利益，保护人类赖以生存的自然环境，，以促进和保障我国社会主义现代化事业的可持续发展。
[Abstract]:This paper discusses the civil liability of environmental tort from the aspects of environmental tort , the concept and characteristics of civil liability of environmental tort , the constitutive requirements of civil liability of environmental tort , the defense of civil liability of environmental tort , and the liability of civil liability for environmental tort .

Environmental tort refers to the environmental pollution or destruction caused by the action of the actor discharging pollutants or engaging in other development and utilization environment , which leads to the damage of the property and personal injury of most people in the region , or the special tort which endangers the existence and development of mankind . The current environmental tort has the characteristics of universality of environmental infringement , the complexity of environmental tort , the latent property of environmental infringement , the administrative legality of environmental infringement , and the inequality of the actual status of the subject of environmental tort .

Mandatory ;
It is based on the special tort of environmental tort ;
The civil liability of environmental tort refers to the civil legal responsibility that the enterprise , institution or individual violates the personal and property interests of the non - specific majority .
Liability forms are primarily property liability , but are not limited to property liability .

The principle of liability of civil liability for environmental tort has experienced the development process from the principle of fault liability to " negligence objectification " , then to " the law is regarded as negligence " , and then to " fault extrapolation theory " and no fault liability principle .
The causation is the basic condition of the responsibility . The application of no fault liability has a great influence on the insurance system and the sharing system .

The constitution of the civil liability of environmental tort refers to the condition necessary to form a specific environmental tort , and it is the basis of judging whether the tort person should bear the civil liability of tort .

WP=4

invasion of family property ;
the infringement on the property rights of legal persons and non - legal persons ;
This rule is widely used in the practice of dealing with environmental tort cases .

The defense of the civil liability of environmental tort refers to the fact and the reason that the injury behavior conforms to the constitutive requirements of environmental torts in the case of environmental pollution . But according to the law , the facts and the reasons for the civil liability of the victims can be avoided or alleviated . The defense affairs must have the legal nature , including force majeure , the third party ' s fault and the victim ' s fault .

The way of assuming the civil liability of environmental tort is to stop the infringement , eliminate the obstacle , eliminate the danger , compensate the loss and restore the original five . The stop infringement is the legal liability form of the person who demands the environmental tort to end the torts .
Exclusion means the exclusion of personal or property damage to others due to environmental pollution and damage , including hazards that are occurring or have occurred ;
The elimination of danger refers to the threat to the safety of the property of another person or the possibility of infringement on the person and property of others , and the right of others to require the perpetrator to take effective measures to eliminate the danger ;
Compensation is the most widely used form of liability in the form of liability for environmental civil law . In the dispute of damages caused by pollution , the principle of dealing with special tort should be applied without fault liability . It is not necessary to prove that the act of adding harm is illegal or illegal .
The way of restoring the original state of responsibility can be applied to the environment and the environment where the resources are damaged , and can be applied to the prevention and control of environmental pollution . This is because the environment is polluted and the destruction can sometimes be restored to the original state .

The construction of environmental legal system in China has made great achievements , especially the formation and development of environmental tort law . In recent years , the characteristics of environmental tort law in China have been formed : ( 1 ) The present situation of environmental tort law in China is characterized by the common stipulation of civil law and environmental law ;
( 2 ) No fault liability legislation is complete ;
( 3 ) The environmental law has special provisions on the statute of limitations ;
( 4 ) The issue of transfer of burden of proof of environmental tort is stipulated ;
( 5 ) The principle of presumption of causation is established . However , there is a problem that the system is not coordinated and the norm is not perfect .

WP=5

In order to better safeguard the victim ' s legitimate rights and to meet the needs of our country ' s economic construction , we should learn and draw lessons from the successful experiences of foreign environmental protection legislation , step by step , perfect and perfect our environment system , fully play the role of the civil law in protecting the environment and maintain the ecological balance , effectively protect the interests of the victims and protect the natural environment of human survival , so as to promote and guarantee the sustainable development of our socialist modernization cause .
【学位授予单位】：对外经济贸易大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：D922.6;D923

【引证文献】