生态利益国家补偿法律机制研究

发布时间：2018-06-23 11:18

本文选题：生态利益 + 环境正外部性　；参考：《长安大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：20世纪80年代中期以来,生态补偿的概念开始出现在我国的学术研究中,2007年8月环境保护部《关于开展生态补偿试点工作的指导意见》发布,提出根据“生态系统服务价值、生态保护成本、发展机会成本”等确定生态补偿政策和机制,生态补偿的范围和内涵进一步扩大。但截止目前对什么是生态补偿,生态补偿的依据和本质是什么,生态补偿的内容以及范围有那些,生态补偿的主体有什么特殊性等问题仍然存在许多争议。本文首先分析了生态补偿的法学涵义,再对目前学术界以及立法和实务部门对生态补偿涵义与范围的代表性见解进行了批判性研究,指出各自在基础理论、概念界定方面存在的谬误,然后对生态补偿的理论依据——外部性理论进行了归纳和抽象,并结合西部地区农业,对农业的环境正外部性及其造成的农业产权损害进行了实证分析。最后,论证了生态利益国家补偿的合理性,并对国家补偿的制度机制进行了法律设计。论文取得的主要研究成果如下： (1)环境科学上的生态补偿,在社会科学(特别是法学)意义上,应该是生态利益补偿,是人类对生态系统的还原和修复。人类对生态系统的还原和修复可以具体区分为开发者的治理性修复；污染者的赔偿性修复；使用者的增值性修复和使用者的功能性修复四种关系形态。其中开发者的治理性修复；污染者的赔偿性修复和使用者的增值性修复已经包含在现行相关政策和法律的调控范围之内,只有使用者的功能性修复游离在现行政策与法律的框架之外。生态补偿作为一种新生的制度现象,不可能只是对已经存在的制度现象的简单替换,它针对的应该是游离于现行政策与法律约束之外的使用者的功能性修复关系。 (2)使用者的功能性修复,就其与现行政策与法律的关系来看,相比另外三种生态修复形态,具有社会关系的特殊性、参与主体的复杂性、法益表现的模糊性等独特之处。之所以表现出这些独特性,最主要的经济学原因是环境功能性修复具备典型的正外部性(或者外部经济性)特征。根据经济学解决正外部性的思路,以及法律的基本精神和现行法的一些具体规范,环境功能性修复就自然的成为生态补偿法律制度调整的对象。由此,抽象出生态补偿的法学涵义并明确生态补偿的具体范围。 (3)在明确了生态补偿的法学涵义后,考察并研究目前学术界特别是法学界对生态补偿的分析与定义,得出目前的研究存在把生态补偿与环境法相关概念混同、与损害赔偿相关制度混同、扩大概念外延以及对相关基础性概念使用缺乏准确性等认识谬误。并提出在涵义界定方面应该注意和把握的问题与原则。 (4)把生态补偿及其经济学依据—外部性理论运用到对我国西部地区农业的分析,得出我国西部地区农业存在明显的外部经济性特征,并从西部农业外部经济性的一般形式、西部农业外部经济性的剪刀差效应、西部农业对保护珍稀物种的外在效应三个方面归纳和总结了西部农业的外部经济性特征。进而分析了西部农业的外部经济性对地区农业劳动要素、农业非劳动要素及其他受外部经济性约束所造成的产权损害的具体内容与形态。 (5)引入科斯定理的分析范式,研究了生态利益国家补偿的法经济学基础和法理基础,认为在环境正外部性的场合或情境下,从法学角度分析,主要表现为由不同正外部性引起的不同类型环境功能性利益在不同主体之间产生的失衡现象。因此,需要通过一定的法律机制或方法来扭转这种利益失衡的不公平状态,国家补偿法律制度的建构正是这种利益失衡的扭转机制。同时,把这种利益失衡,具体归纳为两个层面：利益纵向失衡与利益横向失衡。 (6)分别从利益纵向失衡与利益横向失衡的调整的角度,设计了在各自条件下国家补偿的法律机制。主要包括国家补偿责任的构成要件、国家补偿责任的实现方式、国家补偿的当事人、国家补偿项目及补偿标准、国家补偿程序、国家补偿的相关保障措施、国家补偿的阶段性分析、国家补偿未实现时公权力限制措施的法律效力等具体制度规则,以及这些规则之间的牵连性、必要性及正当性等问题,为生态利益的国家补偿尝试进行了比较系统的制度设计。
[Abstract]:Since the middle of the 1980s, the concept of ecological compensation began to appear in the academic research of China. In August 2007, the Ministry of environmental protection, the Ministry of environmental protection, published guidance on the pilot work on ecological compensation, proposed ecological compensation policies and mechanisms, such as "ecosystem service value, ecological protection cost, development cost" and so on. The scope and connotation of compensation are further expanded. But at present, there are still many disputes about what is ecological compensation, the basis and essence of ecological compensation, the content and scope of ecological compensation, and the particularity of the subject of ecological compensation. This paper first analyzes the legal meaning of ecological compensation, and then to the present The academic circles and the legislative and practical departments have carried out a critical study of the representative views on the meaning and scope of ecological compensation, pointing out the fallacies of their respective basic theories and defining concepts, and then generalizes and draws the theory basis of ecological compensation, the theory of externality, and combines agriculture in the western region to the environment of agriculture. The positive externality and the damage of the agricultural property rights are analyzed. Finally, the rationality of the compensation in the ecological interest countries is demonstrated, and the legal design of the system mechanism of the state compensation is designed. The main achievements of this paper are as follows:
(1) ecological compensation in Environmental Science, in the sense of Social Science (especially law), should be the compensation of ecological benefits and the restoration and restoration of the ecological system. The restoration and restoration of the ecosystem can be divided into the reparation of the developer, the compensation repair of the polluter, the user's value-added repair and the restoration of the ecological system. The user's functional repair is four relationship forms. The developer's reparation, the compensatory repair of the polluter and the user's value-added repair have been included in the current relevant policies and laws. Only the user's functional repair is free from the framework of current policy and law. As a new institutional phenomenon, it is impossible to simply replace the existing institutional phenomenon, and it should be aimed at the functional restoration of users outside the current policy and legal constraints.
(2) the functional restoration of the user, compared with the current policy and law, compared to the other three ecological restoration forms, it has the particularity of social relations, the complexity of the participants, the fuzziness of the expression of the legal interest and so on. The main economic reason is the environmental functional restoration. To prepare typical positive externalities (or external economic) characteristics. According to the idea of solving positive externality in economics, as well as the basic spirit of law and some specific norms of current law, environmental functional restoration is a natural object for the adjustment of the legal system of ecological compensation. Thus, the legal meaning of ecological compensation is abstracted and the ecological supplement is clearly made up. The specific scope of compensation.
(3) after clarified the legal meaning of the ecological compensation, we investigate and study the analysis and definition of the ecological compensation in the academic circle, especially the law circle, and conclude that the current research has mixed the concepts of ecological compensation and environmental law, mixed with the system of damage compensation, and enlarging the extension of the concept and the use of the related basic concepts. The cognitive fallacies such as certainty, etc., and put forward the problems and principles that should be paid attention to and grasped in the definition of meaning.
(4) applying the theory of ecological compensation and its economic basis to the analysis of agriculture in the western region of China, it is concluded that there are obvious external economic characteristics of agriculture in Western China, and from the general form of western agricultural external economy, the scissors effect of western agriculture external economy, and the protection of rare species in western agriculture. In the three aspects, the external economic characteristics of western agriculture are summed up and summarized, and the specific contents and forms of the property damage caused by the external economy of the western agriculture to the regional agricultural labor factors, the agricultural non labor elements and other external economic constraints are analyzed.
(5) introducing the analytical paradigm of Kos's theorem, this paper studies the legal and economic basis and jurisprudential basis of the compensation of ecological interest states. It is believed that under the environment positive externalities, from the perspective of law, the main manifestation is the imbalance between different types of environmental functional interests caused by different types of positive externalities between different subjects. Therefore, it is necessary to reverse the unfair state of the interest imbalance by a certain legal mechanism or method. The construction of the state compensation legal system is the reverse mechanism of this imbalance of interest. At the same time, the imbalance of the interests is summed up into two levels: the vertical imbalance of interests and the imbalance of the interests.
(6) the legal mechanism of state compensation under their respective conditions is designed from the angle of the longitudinal imbalance of interests and the adjustment of the balance of interests, including the elements of the state compensation liability, the realization of the state compensation liability, the Party of the state compensation, the national compensation project and the compensation standard, the state compensation procedure, the state compensation. The relevant safeguard measures, the phase analysis of state compensation, the legal rules of the legal effect of the public power restriction measures when the state compensation is not realized, as well as the implicative, the necessity and the legitimacy between these rules and so on, have made a systematic and systematic design for the national compensation attempt of the ecological interests.
【学位授予单位】：长安大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：X2;D922.6

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