我国农村水环境污染防治立法问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-23 16:03

本文选题：农村水污染 + 环境正义　；参考：《辽宁大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：过去,基于人们对环境污染问题缺乏系统认识以及我国长期实行的城乡二元结构体制,城市水污染一直被认为是水污染控制的主要对象。由于城市水污染的集中性与人们对城市水污染的重视,对城市水污染的治理措施通常都能取得较好的效果,但全国水质状况并未得到根本好转,甚至有进一步恶化的趋势,所以仅仅加大对城市水污染控制而忽视对农村水污染的防治根本不能扭转当前全国水污染日益严峻的现状。随着我国现代农业的发展以及农村城市化的迅速推进,农村水污染的污染源除了传统的农业面源污染的加剧和农村生活污水垃圾增多外,还增加了新的污染源,即乡镇企业污染与畜禽养殖污染。因为农村水环境污染本身所具有的一系列特征,如分散性等,所以城市水污染防治的一些措施很难适应于农村水污染的防治。在我国城乡二元结构体制的背景下,我国存在环境不正义,无论在制度资源的配置、环境信息的获取上,还是在政府对农村水污染防治方面资金投入以及思想认识等方面,都存在着以城市为重心的做法而忽视农村水污染的治理。就农村水污染防治方面,对几个发达国家的相关立法及经验进行分析与总结,各国一致认为:农村水污染防治涉及法律、政策、技术等多个层面,其中法律手段应处于核心地位,其他手段辅助。所以说,控制农村水污染首先要做到立法先行,颁布的法律法规要注重协调性与配套性,最主要的是要有可操作性与针对性,使农村水污染防治在实践中真正做到“有法可依”。我国涉及到农村水污染的法律、法规与规范性文件近几年出台不少,对于农村水污染防治也起到了一定的作用。但是,关于农村水污染防治在立法上还存在许多的不足和缺陷:比如在立法思想上以城市水污染防治为中心;专门针对农村水污染特征的立法存在空白;现行环境管理体制的不合理设置。在重构我国农村水污染防治立法的过程中,笔者认为首先应当修正环境基本法中以城市为中心的立法思想,实现农村的可持续发展。在立法模式上,采用混合立法模式,即针对农村水污染的特征,不断完善《水污染防治法》中关于农村水污染防治的法律规定,然后依据时宜,针对农村水污染的各个不同污染源,制定不同的法规及配套细则、标准。针对农村水污染特征及我国国情,确立农村水污染防治的立法理念,即“统筹消除贫困与可持续发展”与“统筹城乡环境保护”,制定针对农村水污染的专门法律制度,比如:农村水环境保护经济激励制度、农村生活饮用水水源保护制度、农村法律援助制度等。
[Abstract]:In the past, urban water pollution has been regarded as the main object of water pollution control because of the lack of systematic understanding of environmental pollution and the long-term implementation of the urban-rural dual structure system in China. Due to the centralization of urban water pollution and the importance people attach to urban water pollution, the treatment measures for urban water pollution usually achieve good results, but the water quality situation in the whole country has not been fundamentally improved, and even has a trend of further deterioration. Therefore, only increasing the control of urban water pollution and ignoring the prevention and treatment of rural water pollution can not reverse the current situation of increasingly serious water pollution in China. With the development of modern agriculture in China and the rapid development of urbanization in rural areas, the pollution sources of rural water pollution, in addition to the aggravation of traditional agricultural non-point source pollution and the increase of rural domestic sewage garbage, have also increased new sources of pollution. That is, township enterprises and livestock and poultry pollution. Because the rural water pollution itself has a series of characteristics, such as dispersion, some measures of urban water pollution prevention and control are difficult to adapt to the rural water pollution prevention. Under the background of the dual structure system of urban and rural areas in China, environmental injustice exists in our country, not only in the allocation of institutional resources, the acquisition of environmental information, but also in the government's investment in rural water pollution prevention and control, as well as in the ideological understanding, etc. There is a city-centered approach that ignores the treatment of rural water pollution. On the aspect of rural water pollution prevention and control, this paper analyzes and summarizes the relevant legislation and experience of several developed countries. All countries agree that rural water pollution control involves many aspects, such as law, policy, technology and so on. Among them, legal means should be in the core position, and other means should be auxiliary. Therefore, to control water pollution in rural areas, first of all, legislation should be enacted first, and laws and regulations issued should pay attention to coordination and supporting, and the most important thing is to be operable and targeted. So that rural water pollution prevention and control in practice to achieve a "legal basis." There are many laws, regulations and normative documents concerning rural water pollution in our country in recent years, which have played a certain role in the prevention and control of rural water pollution. However, there are still many deficiencies in the legislation of rural water pollution prevention and control: for example, the legislative thought is centered on urban water pollution control, and there is a gap in the legislation aimed at the characteristics of rural water pollution. Unreasonable setting of current environmental management system. In the process of reconstructing the legislation of rural water pollution prevention and control in our country, the author thinks that first of all, we should amend the city-centered legislative thought in the basic law of environment to realize the sustainable development of rural areas. In the legislative model, the mixed legislative model is adopted, that is, in view of the characteristics of rural water pollution, the laws and regulations on the prevention and control of rural water pollution in the Water pollution Prevention and Control Law are constantly perfected, and then according to the time, In view of different pollution sources of rural water pollution, different regulations and supporting rules and standards are formulated. In view of the characteristics of rural water pollution and the situation of our country, the legislative concept of rural water pollution prevention and control is established, that is, "overall elimination of poverty and sustainable development" and "overall coordination of urban and rural environmental protection", and a special legal system for rural water pollution is formulated. For example: rural water environment protection economic incentive system, rural drinking water source protection system, rural legal aid system.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.66

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