论反垄断法在我国石油行业中的适用
发布时间：2018-08-17 13:41
【摘要】：石油包括原油和天然气,是我国经济生活中最重要不可或缺的物质资源,对生产生活的作用举足轻重。本文立足于石油行业是我国的一大能源支柱行业,我国是世界上第二大石油消费国,随着全球经济的飞速发展,经济一体化进程加快,我国石油工业的全球化趋势也越来越明显,石油行业何去何从也成为了一个日益严重的问题。纵观国际风云,国际上对石油资源的争夺愈演愈烈,社会公众都将目光投向了石油价格。是竞争?还是垄断?还是垄断、竞争并存?在现阶段,国内学者都做了不同程度不同侧重的研究,各有各的观点。笔者对这些观点进行了归纳总结,并且结合了我国实际国情和未来发展趋势,提出了切实可行的对策措施,希望能对实践具有指导性和可操作性。 本人首先对石油行业垄断法律问题进行了概述,从我国石油行业的现状及背景分析我国石油行业的市场结构现状以及石油行业的垄断现象透视,然后分析了我国石油行业垄断的具体表现,包括价格垄断控制、拒绝交易行为、高额垄断利润等不利于市场经济运行的行为。接着分析了石油行业垄断的形成背景,包括官与民争利的传统,偏重规模经济的发展以及部门规章的影响。由此,我们得出结论,我国石油行业并不是纯粹的行政垄断行业,也不是纯粹的自然垄断行业,更不是自由竞争行业。纵观我国石油工业的发展历史,我们发现我国石油工业体系的形成受苏联模式影响,高度集中的计划经济体制,有着较深的行政垄断根源,加之规模经济的发展,部门规章的影响(38号文件和72号文件),这些在一定时期一定程度上有利于我国国民经济的恢复和发展,但是到目前来看,已经不利于良性竞争。尤其从企业的本质上来看,石油企业也是企业,为了追求最高额的垄断利润,致力于降低成本,提高收益,不免会剥削和压榨消费者,于是就有了价格垄断控制、拒绝交易、高额垄断利润等许多不利于市场经济发展和损害消费者利益、乃至影响到整个国民经济的正常运行的行为。对石油行业进行反垄断已经势在必行,成为了我国乃至全球的一种趋势。 接着本文讨论了石油行业反垄断理论之争,第一是豁免论——石油行业垄断属于反垄断法豁免之列,考虑到自然垄断理论的支撑、公共利益保护的需要和资本密集性的要求。第二是石油行业竞争的价值,一个是公平价值,另一个是资源优化配置。然后分析了石油行业的垄断与竞争价值冲突的平衡。笔者认为,我国石油行业垄断是石油行业发展的需要,在适当的环节引入竞争机制平衡不同的价值冲突。本文还通过石油行业垄断法规制的立法现状分析,讨论了我国石油行业立法现状及存在的问题、《反垄断法》对石油行业的规制、《反垄断法》第七条的规定及评析、《反垄断法》的颁布对于石油行业垄断的规制作用。 先来说豁免论,我国部分学者认为能源关系重大,因此涉及到能源行业的垄断是基于国家政策或者法律法规而形成的垄断。传统理论一直主张,关于能源行业的垄断是反垄断法的适用除外的范围。传统经济学家学者主张,诸如约翰穆勒指出自然垄断是指因为自然资源的分布特性而使得竞争无法展开。现代经济学家主张,诸如波斯纳,指出自然垄断是由市场上的需求和供应两者来决定的,这里提到了规模经济效应和沉淀成本。从公共利益的角度来看,如果我国对石油产业这一能源放开市场,允许自由竞争,一旦国家完全失去了对该项能源的控制,那么后果不堪设想,该项能源至关国计民生,影响到社会大众的生活水平,重要性自是不必赘言,因此,从公共利益角度,由国家出面对其进行垄断经营,也是有道理的。此外,从能源行业的特殊性来看,学者也认为该对其进行垄断,能源行业本身是资金密集型行业,包括石油在内,电力、电信、铁路、天然气等商品和服务都需要运用管道、电线、公路、铁路等设施设备来传输,这些设施设备战线较长,初期投资成本较高,但是相较于其他行业来说,回收期较长,收回成本较慢,因此,个人或者小型企业根本无法承担这样的资金来建设,这也在一定程度上决定了能源行业的自然垄断特性,当然这里面也包括石油行业。 第二种学者的观点是石油行业的价值,分析了公平价值和资源的优化配置。持此观点的学者,认为垄断在一定时期一定程度上有利于扩大社会大生产,促进经济发展,尤其是在计划经济体制初期；但是,随着经济的发展,在市场经济条件下,通过市场主体的公平竞争,市场资源可以得到合理的配置,社会经济得到协调发展,只有具有竞争力的石油企业,才能保持永久的活力。 根据以上分析,笔者倾向于第二种观点,但是又提出了自己的新观点：我国石油行业的垄断现状是石油行业一直以来发展的需要,我们要在适当的环节引进竞争机制,来平衡不同的价值冲突,对垄断采取相对灵活的态度,垄断中有竞争,竞争中有垄断,你中有我,我中有你,不能完全对立,有区别也有合作,平衡发展,和谐发展,寻求最佳的资源配置状态。为了吸取国外的经验教训,笔者分析了美国、欧盟、日本反垄断法在石油行业中的适用,为下文更好地进行比较分析做了铺垫。 最后本文提出了石油行业反垄断法律规制的构想,一是要区别对待自然垄断环节和非自然垄断环节：上游环节、中游环节、下游环节。二是要进行中国石油行业行政垄断的改革,包括制度改革和中国石油行业行政垄断的行为改革。三是中国石油行业规制机构和规制政策改革。四是要加强石油企业社会责任的法律规制。在本文中,倾向于对石油行业进行产业链分析,不同环节不同规制,具体问题具体分析,区别对待自然垄断环节和非垄断环节,值得提到的一点,在中国石油行业行政垄断改革者这一部分,本文中首次提出,笔者认为对中海油应实行扶持政策,以与中石油中石化相抗衡,同时三者的业务交叉范围更广,有利于民营企业的进入,海上陆上石油资源一体开发,充实了我国的石油储量,重新划分了两大集团,适当引进国外先进石油企业,逐步放开成品油的进口限制。在中国石油行业行政垄断行为改革这一部分,本文提出了要继续加大政企分开和两集团分开力度,深化公司制度改造,并且裁员裁薪,努力改变传统的计划经济文化,中国石油行业规制机构和规制政策改革这一部分,指出规制机构要更多地接受人民监督,政府通过市场进行宏观调控,参与国际油品定价,注意采取激励性规制的方法,逐步激励企业追求更多的经济目标。最后,提出了对石油企业进行社会责任的法律规制,在这里,有一个亮点,在于突出企业的社会责任,因为国有企业也是企业,加之其经营项目是国家能源,更具有其特殊性,所以其企业的社会责任就更为突出和重要,所以石油企业更要注重自己在市场经济中的作用,树立中石油中石化的良好社会形象。本文从法律角度对中国石油行业实行了一系列的措施和建议,具有一定的可操作性。此外,根据文章第三部分的国外现状分析,得出了一些可以借鉴的经验,可为我国所用。 在本文的写作过程中,发现关于“垄断”的问题很多学者在之前也有所研究和讨论,如何集百家之长,形成属于自己的观点,比较困难,所以我阅读了大量的文字资料、参考文献,取其精华,加上自己的思考,进行了全方位的研究。在本文中,笔者认为这篇论文主要在于总结了前人的思想观点,形成具有自己特色的观点,并且具有较强的可行性。此外,本人新颖之处在于与时俱进,很多思想观点是近期两会期间的观点,两会期间,与会代表提出了很多新的观点,反映民众民生,具有更好的前瞻性,同时对石油行业的反垄断规制也有了更好的政策指导,较好的时效性。此外,通过分析,笔者还扩展了关于石油行业反垄断法规制的相关问题,比如石油短缺将会带来的危害问题,即便竞争我们也要出于国家考虑始终保证石油行业的国有属性,此外,为了让石油行业的反垄断之路持续不断地进行下去,就要保证其有源源不断的动力,只有改变各利益主体的利益结构来依靠力量强大的机构来进行改革,反垄断才能进行下去,才能建立良好健康的市场经济秩序。 通过写作本文,笔者形成了自己独有的观点,并且相信随着研究的深入和知识的积淀,还会形成更完整独特的知识体系,并提出更加切实可行的建议。 本文采用了比较分析方法,通过与其他国家发展历史,存在的差异相比较,寻找共同点,寻求可以借鉴的经验,“他山之石,可以攻玉”,通过比较的方法加以论证推理。本文还运用了历史研究方法,从我国实行计划经济体制以来,一直到现在,我国石油行业从一家独大,到两家管理,再到最后的三家分治,现在又有反垄断的趋势,引入更多的竞争性元素,使得石油市场的资源配置达到最优。
[Abstract]:Petroleum, including crude oil and natural gas, is the most important and indispensable material resources in China's economic life and plays an important role in production and life. The trend of globalization of China's petroleum industry is becoming more and more obvious. Where does the petroleum industry go has become an increasingly serious problem. Throughout the international situation, the international competition for petroleum resources is intensifying, and the public will focus on the price of petroleum. Is it competition or monopoly? Or monopoly, competition coexists? Scholars have done different degrees of different emphasis on the study, have their own views. The author summarized these views, and combined with China's actual national conditions and future development trends, put forward practical countermeasures, hoping to be practical guidance and operability.
Firstly, the author summarizes the legal issues of monopoly in the oil industry, analyzes the market structure and monopoly phenomena of the oil industry from the current situation and background of China's oil industry, and then analyzes the specific manifestations of monopoly in China's oil industry, including price monopoly control, refusal to trade, and high monopoly profits. Then it analyzes the formation background of the monopoly of the oil industry, including the tradition of competing for profits between the government and the people, the emphasis on the development of economies of scale and the influence of departmental regulations. Throughout the history of China's petroleum industry, we find that the formation of China's petroleum industry system is influenced by the Soviet Union model, highly centralized planned economic system, with a deeper source of administrative monopoly, coupled with the development of economies of scale and the impact of sectoral regulations (Documents 38 and 72). To a certain extent, it is conducive to the recovery and development of our national economy, but so far, it is not conducive to benign competition. Especially from the essence of enterprises, oil enterprises are also enterprises. In order to pursue the highest monopoly profits, they are committed to reducing costs and increasing returns, which will inevitably exploit and squeeze consumers, so there is a price. Monopoly control, refusal to trade, high monopoly profits and so on are not conducive to the development of market economy and damage the interests of consumers, and even affect the normal operation of the national economy.
Then this paper discusses the controversy over the anti-monopoly theory of the oil industry. The first is the exemption theory-the monopoly of the oil industry belongs to the exemption of the anti-monopoly law. Considering the support of the natural monopoly theory, the need of public interest protection and the requirement of capital-intensive, the second is the value of competition in the oil industry, one is fair value, the other is resources. The author thinks that China's oil industry monopoly is the need of the development of the oil industry and the introduction of competition mechanism to balance different value conflicts in appropriate links. Current situation and existing problems of industry legislation, regulation of oil industry, Article 7 and analysis, promulgation for the regulation of oil industry monopoly.
First of all, the exemption theory, some scholars believe that energy is important, so the monopoly of energy industry is based on national policies or laws and regulations. Modern economists, such as Posner, argue that natural monopoly is determined by both demand and supply in the market. Here we refer to economies of scale and precipitation costs. Industry, as an energy source, opens up the market and allows free competition. Once the state completely loses control over this energy source, the consequences will be unthinkable. The energy source is vital to the national economy and people's livelihood, and affects the living standards of the public. The importance of this energy source does not need to be overstated. Therefore, from the Perspective of public interest, the state should face up to its monopoly operation, and so on. In addition, in view of the particularity of the energy industry, scholars also believe that it should be monopolized. The energy industry itself is a capital-intensive industry, including oil, electricity, telecommunications, railways, natural gas and other goods and services need to use pipelines, wires, roads, railways and other facilities and equipment to transport, these facilities and equipment front is longer. Initial investment costs are higher, but compared with other industries, the payback period is longer and the cost recovery is slower. Therefore, individuals or small enterprises can not afford such funds to build, which also determines the natural monopoly characteristics of the energy industry to a certain extent, including the oil industry.
The second view is the value of the oil industry, which analyzes the fair value and the optimal allocation of resources. Scholars who hold this view believe that monopoly is conducive to expanding social production and promoting economic development to a certain extent in a certain period of time, especially in the early stage of the planned economic system; however, with the development of the economy, in the conditions of the market economy. Under this circumstance, through fair competition among market participants, market resources can be rationally allocated and the social economy can be coordinated. Only the petroleum enterprises with competitiveness can maintain permanent vitality.
According to the above analysis, the author inclines to the second viewpoint, but puts forward his own new viewpoint: the monopoly situation of China's oil industry is the need of the development of the oil industry all the time. We should introduce competition mechanism in the appropriate links to balance different value conflicts, adopt a relatively flexible attitude towards monopoly, monopoly has competition. Competition has monopoly, you have me, I have you, can not be completely opposed, there are differences and cooperation, balanced development, harmonious development, seeking the best state of resource allocation. Paving the mat.
Finally, this paper puts forward the concept of anti-monopoly legal regulation in the oil industry. First, we should distinguish between natural monopoly and non-natural monopoly links: upstream links, middle links and downstream links. Second, we should carry out the reform of administrative monopoly in China's oil industry, including institutional reform and the reform of administrative monopoly in China's oil industry. Fourth, we should strengthen the legal regulation of social responsibility of petroleum enterprises. In this paper, we tend to analyze the petroleum industry chain, different links, different regulations, specific problems, and distinguish between natural monopoly and non-monopoly links. In this part of the reform of the administrative monopoly of the oil industry, for the first time in this paper, the author holds that CNOOC should adopt a policy of support in order to compete with Sinopec, and that the scope of business of the three is wider, which is conducive to the entry of private enterprises. The integrated development of offshore and onshore oil resources has enriched China's oil reserves and redefined the division. In this part of the reform of administrative monopoly in China's petroleum industry, this paper proposes that we should continue to strengthen the separation of government and enterprise, deepen the reform of the company system, lay off workers and pay cuts, and strive to change the traditional planned economy and culture. In this part, it is pointed out that the regulatory bodies of China's oil industry should accept more people's supervision, the government should take part in international oil pricing through macro-control of the market, pay attention to adopting incentive regulation methods, and gradually encourage enterprises to pursue more economic goals. Finally, it is proposed to carry out social supervision on oil enterprises. There is a bright spot in the legal regulation of responsibility here, which is to highlight the social responsibility of enterprises. Because state-owned enterprises are also enterprises, and their operating projects are national energy, they have their own particularities, so their social responsibility is more prominent and important, so oil enterprises should pay more attention to their own role in the market economy and establish it. This article has carried out a series of measures and suggestions to China's petroleum industry from the legal point of view, which has certain maneuverability. In addition, according to the analysis of the foreign situation in the third part of the article, some experiences can be used for reference.
In the process of writing this paper, we find that many scholars have studied and discussed the problem of "monopoly" before. It is difficult to collect the advantages of a hundred schools of thought and form their own views. So I read a large number of literary materials, references, extract its essence, and my own thinking, and conducted an all-round study. The author believes that this paper mainly summarizes the ideas of predecessors, forms a view with its own characteristics, and has a strong feasibility. In addition, my novelty lies in keeping pace with the times, many ideas are the views of the two sessions in the near future. During the two sessions, the participants put forward many new views, reflecting the people's livelihood. In addition, through analysis, the author also extends the relevant issues about the regulation of anti-monopoly laws and regulations in the oil industry, such as the harm caused by oil shortage, even if the competition is out of the consideration of the state, we should always consider. To ensure the state-owned property of the petroleum industry, in addition, in order to make the anti-monopoly road of the petroleum industry go on continuously, we must ensure its continuous impetus. Only by changing the interest structure of various stakeholders and relying on powerful institutions to carry out the reform, can the anti-monopoly go on and establish a sound and healthy market. Economic order.
Through writing this article, the author has formed his own unique point of view, and believes that with the deepening of research and the accumulation of knowledge, will form a more complete and unique knowledge system, and put forward more practical suggestions.
This paper uses comparative analysis method to find common ground and experience that can be used for reference by comparing with the development history and differences of other countries. In China's oil industry, from one dominant, to two management, and then to the last three divisions, there is a trend of anti-monopoly, the introduction of more competitive elements, so that the oil market to optimize the allocation of resources.
【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.294;D922.67
本文编号：2187816
[Abstract]:Petroleum, including crude oil and natural gas, is the most important and indispensable material resources in China's economic life and plays an important role in production and life. The trend of globalization of China's petroleum industry is becoming more and more obvious. Where does the petroleum industry go has become an increasingly serious problem. Throughout the international situation, the international competition for petroleum resources is intensifying, and the public will focus on the price of petroleum. Is it competition or monopoly? Or monopoly, competition coexists? Scholars have done different degrees of different emphasis on the study, have their own views. The author summarized these views, and combined with China's actual national conditions and future development trends, put forward practical countermeasures, hoping to be practical guidance and operability.
Firstly, the author summarizes the legal issues of monopoly in the oil industry, analyzes the market structure and monopoly phenomena of the oil industry from the current situation and background of China's oil industry, and then analyzes the specific manifestations of monopoly in China's oil industry, including price monopoly control, refusal to trade, and high monopoly profits. Then it analyzes the formation background of the monopoly of the oil industry, including the tradition of competing for profits between the government and the people, the emphasis on the development of economies of scale and the influence of departmental regulations. Throughout the history of China's petroleum industry, we find that the formation of China's petroleum industry system is influenced by the Soviet Union model, highly centralized planned economic system, with a deeper source of administrative monopoly, coupled with the development of economies of scale and the impact of sectoral regulations (Documents 38 and 72). To a certain extent, it is conducive to the recovery and development of our national economy, but so far, it is not conducive to benign competition. Especially from the essence of enterprises, oil enterprises are also enterprises. In order to pursue the highest monopoly profits, they are committed to reducing costs and increasing returns, which will inevitably exploit and squeeze consumers, so there is a price. Monopoly control, refusal to trade, high monopoly profits and so on are not conducive to the development of market economy and damage the interests of consumers, and even affect the normal operation of the national economy.
Then this paper discusses the controversy over the anti-monopoly theory of the oil industry. The first is the exemption theory-the monopoly of the oil industry belongs to the exemption of the anti-monopoly law. Considering the support of the natural monopoly theory, the need of public interest protection and the requirement of capital-intensive, the second is the value of competition in the oil industry, one is fair value, the other is resources. The author thinks that China's oil industry monopoly is the need of the development of the oil industry and the introduction of competition mechanism to balance different value conflicts in appropriate links. Current situation and existing problems of industry legislation, regulation of oil industry, Article 7 and analysis, promulgation for the regulation of oil industry monopoly.
First of all, the exemption theory, some scholars believe that energy is important, so the monopoly of energy industry is based on national policies or laws and regulations. Modern economists, such as Posner, argue that natural monopoly is determined by both demand and supply in the market. Here we refer to economies of scale and precipitation costs. Industry, as an energy source, opens up the market and allows free competition. Once the state completely loses control over this energy source, the consequences will be unthinkable. The energy source is vital to the national economy and people's livelihood, and affects the living standards of the public. The importance of this energy source does not need to be overstated. Therefore, from the Perspective of public interest, the state should face up to its monopoly operation, and so on. In addition, in view of the particularity of the energy industry, scholars also believe that it should be monopolized. The energy industry itself is a capital-intensive industry, including oil, electricity, telecommunications, railways, natural gas and other goods and services need to use pipelines, wires, roads, railways and other facilities and equipment to transport, these facilities and equipment front is longer. Initial investment costs are higher, but compared with other industries, the payback period is longer and the cost recovery is slower. Therefore, individuals or small enterprises can not afford such funds to build, which also determines the natural monopoly characteristics of the energy industry to a certain extent, including the oil industry.
The second view is the value of the oil industry, which analyzes the fair value and the optimal allocation of resources. Scholars who hold this view believe that monopoly is conducive to expanding social production and promoting economic development to a certain extent in a certain period of time, especially in the early stage of the planned economic system; however, with the development of the economy, in the conditions of the market economy. Under this circumstance, through fair competition among market participants, market resources can be rationally allocated and the social economy can be coordinated. Only the petroleum enterprises with competitiveness can maintain permanent vitality.
According to the above analysis, the author inclines to the second viewpoint, but puts forward his own new viewpoint: the monopoly situation of China's oil industry is the need of the development of the oil industry all the time. We should introduce competition mechanism in the appropriate links to balance different value conflicts, adopt a relatively flexible attitude towards monopoly, monopoly has competition. Competition has monopoly, you have me, I have you, can not be completely opposed, there are differences and cooperation, balanced development, harmonious development, seeking the best state of resource allocation. Paving the mat.
Finally, this paper puts forward the concept of anti-monopoly legal regulation in the oil industry. First, we should distinguish between natural monopoly and non-natural monopoly links: upstream links, middle links and downstream links. Second, we should carry out the reform of administrative monopoly in China's oil industry, including institutional reform and the reform of administrative monopoly in China's oil industry. Fourth, we should strengthen the legal regulation of social responsibility of petroleum enterprises. In this paper, we tend to analyze the petroleum industry chain, different links, different regulations, specific problems, and distinguish between natural monopoly and non-monopoly links. In this part of the reform of the administrative monopoly of the oil industry, for the first time in this paper, the author holds that CNOOC should adopt a policy of support in order to compete with Sinopec, and that the scope of business of the three is wider, which is conducive to the entry of private enterprises. The integrated development of offshore and onshore oil resources has enriched China's oil reserves and redefined the division. In this part of the reform of administrative monopoly in China's petroleum industry, this paper proposes that we should continue to strengthen the separation of government and enterprise, deepen the reform of the company system, lay off workers and pay cuts, and strive to change the traditional planned economy and culture. In this part, it is pointed out that the regulatory bodies of China's oil industry should accept more people's supervision, the government should take part in international oil pricing through macro-control of the market, pay attention to adopting incentive regulation methods, and gradually encourage enterprises to pursue more economic goals. Finally, it is proposed to carry out social supervision on oil enterprises. There is a bright spot in the legal regulation of responsibility here, which is to highlight the social responsibility of enterprises. Because state-owned enterprises are also enterprises, and their operating projects are national energy, they have their own particularities, so their social responsibility is more prominent and important, so oil enterprises should pay more attention to their own role in the market economy and establish it. This article has carried out a series of measures and suggestions to China's petroleum industry from the legal point of view, which has certain maneuverability. In addition, according to the analysis of the foreign situation in the third part of the article, some experiences can be used for reference.
In the process of writing this paper, we find that many scholars have studied and discussed the problem of "monopoly" before. It is difficult to collect the advantages of a hundred schools of thought and form their own views. So I read a large number of literary materials, references, extract its essence, and my own thinking, and conducted an all-round study. The author believes that this paper mainly summarizes the ideas of predecessors, forms a view with its own characteristics, and has a strong feasibility. In addition, my novelty lies in keeping pace with the times, many ideas are the views of the two sessions in the near future. During the two sessions, the participants put forward many new views, reflecting the people's livelihood. In addition, through analysis, the author also extends the relevant issues about the regulation of anti-monopoly laws and regulations in the oil industry, such as the harm caused by oil shortage, even if the competition is out of the consideration of the state, we should always consider. To ensure the state-owned property of the petroleum industry, in addition, in order to make the anti-monopoly road of the petroleum industry go on continuously, we must ensure its continuous impetus. Only by changing the interest structure of various stakeholders and relying on powerful institutions to carry out the reform, can the anti-monopoly go on and establish a sound and healthy market. Economic order.
Through writing this article, the author has formed his own unique point of view, and believes that with the deepening of research and the accumulation of knowledge, will form a more complete and unique knowledge system, and put forward more practical suggestions.
This paper uses comparative analysis method to find common ground and experience that can be used for reference by comparing with the development history and differences of other countries. In China's oil industry, from one dominant, to two management, and then to the last three divisions, there is a trend of anti-monopoly, the introduction of more competitive elements, so that the oil market to optimize the allocation of resources.
【学位授予单位】：西南财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.294;D922.67
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