城乡环境正义实现的法律路径选择

发布时间：2018-08-28 19:06

【摘要】：自1982年美国爆发环境正义运动后，环境正义理论在西方国家得到广泛传播。环境问题的全球化以及愈演愈烈的环境运动促使人们对环境正义进行进一步的探寻。各国的专家学者结合自己国家的实际情况对环境正义进行着积极的研究。中国的环境正义分为多个方面，城乡环境正义便是其中之一。城乡环境正义作为当前中国的一个现实追求，其存在和实现有着丰富的理论基础。基于“共同体”理论，在城乡环境居民构成的共同体中，每个共同体成员都是平等的个体；在罗尔斯的“公平的正义理论”的指导下，城乡居民享有平等的环境权利以及合理均衡的环境利益；而法律作为一种利益调整手段，能够对城乡居民享有环境利益进行合理调整，为城乡环境正义的实现提供了有效的保障。中国是个农业大国，有着近80%的农民，长期以来的城乡二元结构深刻制约着中国的发展，实现城乡一体化发展是中国作为一个大国腾飞的首要任务之一。而城乡一体化发展不仅表现在经济层面上，环境也是重要的一个方面。而当前的中国，因深受各种因素的制约和影响，城乡环境不正义的现象随处可见，如城市环境污染向农村的转移、农村环境资源开采中农民环境权益的损害、农村环境管制的偏失，等等。而导致这些现象的一个根本原因便是规制城乡环境正义的法律规定及制度的不完善，即城乡环境法制建设的偏失，主要表现为农村环境法律体系的不健全，公民环境权的立法缺失，环境利益的不公正享有，农村环境法律管制的不完善等。因此，解决农村环境保护问题，实现农村环境法制完善，追求城乡环境正义已刻不容缓。实现正义在中国环境法制建设中的贯彻实施，，追求城乡环境正义，就要将完善的农民环境权作为其实现基础，通过对农村环境信息公开制度、公众参与制度、生态补偿制度等相关法律制度的健全消除城乡环境中的二元结构，实现城乡环境权益的合理分配，保障城乡居民对环境权益的公平享有。
[Abstract]:Since the environmental justice movement broke out in the United States in 1982, the theory of environmental justice has been widely spread in western countries. The globalization of environmental issues and the growing environmental movement urge people to further explore environmental justice. Experts and scholars from various countries are actively studying environmental justice in combination with their country's actual situation. China's environmental justice is divided into many aspects, urban and rural environmental justice is one of them. Urban and rural environmental justice as a realistic pursuit of China, its existence and realization has a rich theoretical basis. Based on the "community" theory, in the community composed of urban and rural environmental residents, each member of the community is an equal individual, under the guidance of Rawls's "fair justice theory", Urban and rural residents enjoy equal environmental rights and reasonable and balanced environmental interests, while the law, as a means of adjusting the interests of urban and rural residents, can make reasonable adjustments to the enjoyment of environmental benefits by urban and rural residents. It provides an effective guarantee for the realization of urban and rural environmental justice. China is a big agricultural country with nearly 80% farmers. The dual structure of urban and rural areas has restricted the development of China for a long time. Realizing the development of urban and rural integration is one of the most important tasks for China to take off as a big country. The integration of urban and rural development not only in the economic level, the environment is also an important aspect. At present, in China, because of the restriction and influence of various factors, the phenomenon of urban and rural environmental injustice can be seen everywhere, such as the transfer of urban environmental pollution to rural areas, and the damage of farmers' environmental rights and interests in the exploitation of rural environmental resources. Rural environmental control bias, and so on. One of the fundamental causes of these phenomena is the imperfection of the laws and regulations governing the urban and rural environmental justice, that is, the partial loss of the urban and rural environmental legal system, which is mainly manifested in the imperfection of the rural environmental legal system. Lack of legislation, unfair enjoyment of environmental benefits and imperfect regulation of rural environmental law. Therefore, it is urgent to solve the problem of rural environmental protection, to realize the perfection of rural environmental legal system and to pursue urban and rural environmental justice. To realize justice in the construction of environmental legal system in China, and to pursue environmental justice in urban and rural areas, we should take the perfect farmers' environmental rights as the basis for its realization, through the system of open rural environmental information and the system of public participation. Ecological compensation system and other related legal systems eliminate the dual structure of urban and rural environment, realize the rational distribution of urban and rural environmental rights and interests, and ensure the fair enjoyment of environmental rights and interests of urban and rural residents.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：X321;D922.6

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