关于提高城市污水集中处理制度效益的思考

发布时间：2018-09-09 12:04

【摘要】：自1996年《水污染防治法》经修订确立了城市污水集中处理制度之后，相对之前污水分散处理时期来说，，城市水污染状况一度得以有效好转。但城市污水处理厂在长期的运行过程中性质上一直属事业单位，由政府投资运营，行政垄断严重，政企不分、政事不分、政资不分，逐渐出现了资金紧缺、污水处理效率低下等问题与矛盾，严重影响了城市污水集中处理制度自身应有效益的发挥，城市污水集中处理的制度效益亟待提高。其实，这个问题不只出现在我国，也是许多西方发达国家曾经面临过的严峻考验，只不过他们对这个问题的认识与改革要早得多。早在二十世纪七八十年代，英美等国就纷纷开展了污水处理领域的市场化改革，引入市场竞争机制与多元投资主体，有效扩大了资金来源，提高了污水处理效率，改善了城市水环境质量。借鉴国际上污水处理市场化改革的经验，并结合我国城市污水处理行业的实际情况，我国许多地区也开始将市场竞争机制纳入城市污水集中处理领域。通过对城市污水市场化集中处理方式在我国的适用性分析，认为采取该模式不失为一种改善城市水环境质量、提高城市污水集中处理制度效益的良好途径。但是，我国污水处理的市场化改革起步不久，存在国有化回潮的危险，究其原因，是政府监督管理能力的低下影响了该制度良好效益的发挥，对此需要加大关注，进行相关措施完善予以纠正。基于上述两种城市污水集中处理方式在实践中的运行效果，以及市场化处理模式中政府责任的不到位，以潍坊市城市污水集中处理情况为例，提出城市污水集中处理制度的构建与完善措施。全文共分四个部分：第一部分首先论述了城市污水集中处理制度的确立、发展以及相对污水分散处理所具有的优势。城市污水集中处理制度因其自身所具有的优势而取代了污水分散处理，并经历了城市污水事业型集中处理与市场化集中处理两个历史发展阶段。第二部分考察了城市污水事业型集中处理方式在实践中的运行效果。城市污水集中处理的前期是事业型处理模式，该模式虽在一定时期加快了我国的污水处理设施建设，提高了污水处理能力。但经过长期运行，这种处理方式在实践中的效果并不尽如人意，严重阻碍了城市污水集中处理制度自身效用的发挥。通过借鉴污水处理成熟国家的经验，该部分对此现象进行了原因分析，该原因很大一部分归咎于污水处理行业市场竞争机制的缺失。第三部分分析了城市污水市场化集中处理方式在我国的适用性。基于事业型集中处理方式运行效果欠佳的一个主要原因在于该行业市场竞争机制缺失，我国逐渐进入到城市污水市场化集中处理阶段。该部分在界定城市污水集中处理市场化运作及其要求的基础上，并结合我国市场化改革的实践情况，对市场竞争机制应用于我国城市污水集中处理领域进行了适用性分析。但是目前，包括污水处理在内的公用事业实施市场化改革不久，尚不完善，出现了局部国有化回潮。深入分析，市场化改革本身并没有问题，改革过程中政府监督管理方式与手段的不完善才是其症结所在，对此需进行相关措施完善予以纠正。第四部分以潍坊市城市污水集中处理情况为例，并以防治城市水污染与节约城市水资源为出发点，对城市污水集中处理制度提出了完善构建措施。这些措施涵盖污水处理费用收取、再生水回用、污水处理市场准入与退出、政府监管、以及配套规范完善方面，主要体现了政府在其中的责任与作为。以此提高城市污水集中处理的制度效益。
[Abstract]:Since the water pollution prevention and control law was revised in 1996 and the centralized treatment system of urban sewage has been established, the situation of urban water pollution has been effectively improved for a time compared with the previous period of decentralized treatment of sewage. Problems and contradictions such as lack of funds and low efficiency of sewage treatment have gradually emerged, which have seriously affected the performance of urban sewage centralized treatment system and urgently need to be improved.
In fact, this problem not only appears in our country, but also is a severe test that many western developed countries have faced, but their understanding and reform of this problem is much earlier. As early as the 1970s and 1980s, Britain and the United States and other countries have launched market-oriented reform in the field of sewage treatment, introducing market competition mechanism and pluralism. Investors have effectively expanded the source of funds, improved the efficiency of sewage treatment, and improved the quality of urban water environment.
Referring to the experience of international sewage treatment market reform and considering the actual situation of urban sewage treatment industry in China, many areas in China have begun to incorporate market competition mechanism into the field of urban sewage centralized treatment. It is a good way to improve the quality of urban water environment and improve the efficiency of centralized sewage treatment system. However, there is a danger of nationalization of sewage treatment in China since the market-oriented reform of sewage treatment started soon. The reason is that the low ability of government supervision and management has affected the exertion of the good benefits of the system. Relevant measures should be perfected and corrected.
Based on the operation effect of the above two centralized treatment modes in practice and the inadequacy of government responsibility in the market-oriented treatment mode, taking the centralized treatment of urban sewage in Weifang City as an example, this paper puts forward the construction and improvement measures of the centralized treatment system of urban sewage.
The full text is divided into four parts.
The first part discusses the establishment, development and advantages of centralized treatment system of urban sewage. Centralized treatment system of urban sewage has replaced decentralized treatment of sewage due to its own advantages, and has gone through two historical stages: centralized treatment of urban sewage and centralized treatment of market-oriented. The exhibition stage.
The second part inspects the operation effect of the urban sewage treatment mode in practice.The earlier stage of the urban sewage treatment is the mode of the urban sewage treatment.Although the mode speeds up the construction of sewage treatment facilities and improves the capacity of sewage treatment in a certain period of time,it has been used in practice for a long time. The effect is not satisfactory, which seriously hinders the effectiveness of urban sewage centralized treatment system. By referring to the experience of mature sewage treatment countries, this part analyzes the reasons for this phenomenon, which is largely attributed to the lack of market competition mechanism in sewage treatment industry.
The third part analyzes the applicability of market-oriented centralized treatment of municipal sewage in China. One of the main reasons for the poor operation effect of enterprise-oriented centralized treatment is the lack of market competition mechanism in this industry. China has gradually entered the stage of market-oriented centralized treatment of municipal sewage. On the basis of market-oriented operation and its requirements, and combined with the practice of market-oriented reform in China, the applicability of market competition mechanism in the field of centralized treatment of urban sewage is analyzed. However, at present, the market-oriented reform of public utilities, including sewage treatment, has not been carried out for a long time and is still imperfect, resulting in partial nationalization. Tide. In-depth analysis, the market-oriented reform itself is not a problem, the reform process of government supervision and management methods and means of imperfection is the crux, which needs to be improved and corrected.
The fourth part takes the centralized treatment of urban sewage in Weifang City as an example, and takes the prevention and control of urban water pollution and the conservation of urban water resources as the starting point, puts forward the measures to improve the construction of the centralized treatment system of urban sewage. In the aspect of perfecting the supporting norms, it mainly embodies the government's responsibility and action in it, so as to improve the system benefit of centralized treatment of urban sewage.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.68

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