自愿环境协议制度研究

发布时间：2018-09-11 12:48

【摘要】：作为一种环境管制手段,自愿环境协议自20世纪60代以来几乎在所有的发达国家得到了应用,并最终于21世纪初被引入我国,陆续在各地进行试点。本文是从法学角度对自愿环境协议进行的专门论述,旨在明晰该种协议的法律概念,构建其合法性基础,阐释我国适用协议工具的合理性,并就将来在我国开展具有普遍性的协议实践进行制度设计。本文在结构上由四章组成,对上述问题按顺序进行讨论。在第一章中,我将自愿环境协议界定为:行政机关与企业或行业在意思表示一致的基础上缔结的,用于明确高于法定标准或者尚未立法规定的环境目标,并形成旨在实现这种目标的权利义务安排的一种合同。协议分为公共自愿方案、经谈判达成型协议和单边承诺三种类型。鉴于协议在政府与企业之间形成行政法律关系,不仅公私部门的履约行为表现为公共环境政策的执行,协议还包含了不同于民事契约中私法条款的特殊规则,因而应当被纳入行政合同的范畴,适用公法予以调整和规范。第二章指出,如果行政机关想要使用自愿环境协议来促使企业或行业实现严于立法管制要求的环境绩效目标,则必须具备协议方式的适法性和协议内容的合法性之双重要件:协议方式能够取得适法性的理由,在于单纯拘泥于对现行立法的严格遵守并不足以解决“市场失灵”的问题,惟有灵活运用行政权力、公共机构和公共政策才有可能实现社会资源的高效配置;而协议内容能够取得合法性的基础,则在于恪守法律优位原则、不予违反公序良俗以及基于当事双方主体的真实意思表示。第三章阐述了以统一适用为要件的法律法规之所以不能满足我国环境管制的现实需要,其根本原因在于“环境支付能力”在产业界内部的不均衡分布;相反,自愿环境协议能够根据具体行业或企业的不同情况度身定制相应的环境政策,因而在挖掘和利用分散于各行各业的资源环境保护潜能方面具有先天优势。为此,协议所具有的提升社会环境绩效、降低行政成本、替代立法管制的功能,就很有必要在我国环境治理的实务中加以充分发挥。第四章描绘了在我国大规模应用自愿环境协议的具体制度设计蓝图。这种协议所蕴含的公共利益决定了合意形成的权力(利)体系在一定程度上向行政主体倾斜,行政机关的权力相对于企业或行业的权利体现出其优益性。因此,为在法律地位实质上不对等的当事人之间实现合意,就需要发挥协商、公众参与和信息公开这些行政程序的作用来限制恣意和不当勾结。此外,作为与协议相配套的制度资源,国家和地方环境政策目标参照体系、第三方组织机构认证资源库以及纠纷解决双轨制对于维系协议的良好运行同样不可或缺。
[Abstract]:As a means of environmental control, voluntary environmental agreements have been applied in almost all developed countries since 60 generations in the 20th century, and were introduced into China at the beginning of the 21st century. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the legal concept of the voluntary environmental agreement, to construct its legal basis, and to explain the reasonableness of our country's application of the agreement tools. And carries on the system design to carry on the universal agreement practice in our country in the future. The structure of this paper is composed of four chapters, and the above problems are discussed in order. In the first chapter, I define voluntary environmental agreements as: those concluded by the executive and the enterprise or industry on the basis of agreement of intent, used for environmental objectives that are clearly above the statutory standard or that have not yet been legislated, And form a contract designed to achieve this goal of the rights and obligations of the arrangement. Agreements are divided into public voluntary programs, negotiated agreements and unilateral commitments. Since the agreement forms the administrative legal relationship between the government and the enterprise, not only the performance of the public and private sector is reflected in the implementation of public environmental policy, but also the agreement contains special rules different from the provisions of private law in the civil contract. Therefore, it should be brought into the scope of administrative contract and be adjusted and regulated by public law. Chapter II states that if an agency wants to use voluntary environmental agreements to enable an enterprise or industry to achieve an environmental performance goal that is stricter than required by legislative regulation, It must have the dual elements of the legality of the agreement mode and the legality of the agreement content: the reason why the agreement mode can obtain the proper law is that it is not enough to solve the problem of "market failure" simply sticking to the strict compliance of the existing legislation. Only when the administrative power is used flexibly, can public institutions and public policies realize the efficient allocation of social resources, and the basis for the legitimacy of the contents of the agreement lies in adhering to the principle of legal superiority. No violation of public order and good customs and based on the parties to the main body of the true will of the expression. The third chapter expounds that the basic reason why the laws and regulations with uniform application can not meet the actual needs of environmental regulation in China lies in the uneven distribution of "environmental capacity to pay" in the industry; on the contrary, Voluntary environmental agreements can tailor the corresponding environmental policies according to the different conditions of specific industries or enterprises, so they have inherent advantages in exploiting and utilizing the potential of resources and environment protection scattered in various industries. Therefore, it is necessary to give full play to the functions of promoting social environmental performance, reducing administrative costs and replacing legislative control in the practice of environmental governance in China. The fourth chapter describes the detailed system design blueprint for the large-scale application of voluntary environmental agreements in China. The public interests contained in this kind of agreement determine that the power (interest) system formed by consensus is inclined to the administrative subject to a certain extent, and the power of the administrative organ reflects its advantages and interests relative to the rights of the enterprise or the industry. Therefore, in order to achieve agreement between parties whose legal status is essentially unequal, it is necessary to exert the functions of consultation, public participation and information disclosure to restrict arbitrary and improper collusion. In addition, as a system resource matching with the agreement, national and local environmental policy target reference system, third-party organization certification resource base and dispute resolution system are also indispensable to maintain the good operation of the agreement.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.68

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