环境损害社会化救济方式研究
发布时间：2019-01-22 15:28
【摘要】：当前整个世界处于工业化发展的顶峰时期。工业化在为经济社会的发展提供重要物质保障的同时,其产生的环境污染大大超过了环境的自净能力,并通过人类赖以生存的环境给人类带来重大伤害。与此同时,因管理不善和突发性的自然灾害而导致的突发性环境污染事故也不断发生。常态性和突发性的环境污染双重作用导致了严重的人身、财产和环境要素损害的发生。 无救济则无权利,受害者的权利必须获得救济。但是无限的权利补救需求与污染企业乃至国家有限的救济资源之间的矛盾导致受害者难以获得充分救济。加之,环境侵权行本身具有价值正当性,因果关系认定难、免责事由规定不科学,诉讼时效对潜伏性污染的适用的困境等因素导致传统现有的救济制度无法满足现实需求。在这样的背景,出于维护正义、稳定社会秩序和可持续发展的需要,以环境侵权损害填补为主要内容的环境民事责任的社会化为各国民法和环境法所共同关注。 基于救济污染受害者的迫切需要,世界各国均在积极探索构建环境损害社会化救济方式。归纳起来,主要有环境责任保险、行政给付、赔偿基金、事先专项预存款和社会保险五类。每一种社会化救济方式,均有不同的制度生存土壤、作用发挥机制和法理依据。从应然的角度看,在寻求环境损害社会化救济机制时,理应通过多种损害填补制度的协调合作,构建环境损害社会化救济体系。但就我国当前社会发展的总体水平、企业承担社会责任的总体意愿、国家承担社会福利建设的总体能力、各种救济方式的本土实践等主客观因素来看,环境损害赔偿保险制度无疑是最佳的选择。然而单一的环境损害责任保险制度并不能满足当前我国环境损害赔偿的现实需求,也并不能提高环境损害社会化救济的水平。因此,以环境损害责任保险制度的构建为主要着力点建设社会化救济制度的同时,还必须积极推进其他救济方式的构建。 全面推进环境损害赔偿社会化救济方式,必须充分理清各类救济方式之间的适用逻辑顺序,以增强制度的可操作性。行政给付、责任保险、赔偿基金三者之间相互并不排斥,但在针对具体情况适用上也存在一定的逻辑顺序,总的来说:优先适用责任保险制度;受害人无保险救济或者保险赔偿不能覆盖全部损失时,可以申请赔偿基金;当穷尽以上两种制度及其它私利救济手段后仍不能获得全部赔偿时,政府就需要进行政给付。
[Abstract]:The whole world is at the peak of industrialization. Industrialization provides important material guarantee for the development of economy and society, at the same time, the environmental pollution it produces greatly exceeds the self-purification ability of the environment, and it brings great harm to human beings through the environment on which human beings depend for survival. At the same time, sudden environmental pollution accidents caused by mismanagement and sudden natural disasters also occur. Both normality and sudden environmental pollution lead to serious damage to persons, property and environmental elements. Without relief, there is no right, and the rights of the victim must be remedied. However, the contradiction between the unlimited right remedy demand and the limited relief resources of the polluting enterprises and even the country makes it difficult for the victims to obtain adequate relief. In addition, environmental tort itself has the value of legitimacy, causality is difficult to determine, exemption provisions are not scientific, the limitation of action on latent pollution of the plight of the application of such factors as the traditional existing relief system can not meet the actual needs. In this background, in order to maintain justice, stabilize social order and sustainable development, the socialization of environmental civil liability, whose main content is compensation of environmental tort damage, is the common concern of civil law and environmental law of all countries. Based on the urgent need of relief to the victims of pollution, countries all over the world are actively exploring ways to build socialized relief for environmental damage. To sum up, there are mainly environmental liability insurance, administrative payments, compensation funds, special deposits in advance and social insurance five categories. Each kind of social relief method has different system survival soil, the function exerts the mechanism and the legal principle basis. From the point of view of ought to be, when seeking the mechanism of socialized relief of environmental damage, we should construct the system of socialized relief of environmental damage through the coordination and cooperation of various damage filling systems. But in terms of the overall level of social development in our country, the overall willingness of enterprises to assume social responsibility, the overall ability of the state to undertake the construction of social welfare, the local practice of various relief methods, and other subjective and objective factors, The environmental damage insurance system is undoubtedly the best choice. However, the single system of liability insurance for environmental damage can not meet the current needs of environmental damage compensation in China, nor can it improve the level of social relief of environmental damage. Therefore, with the construction of environmental damage liability insurance system as the main focus of the construction of social relief system, we must also actively promote the construction of other relief methods. In order to promote the socialized relief mode of environmental damage compensation, we must fully clarify the logical order of application among all kinds of relief methods in order to enhance the maneuverability of the system. Administrative payment, liability insurance and compensation fund are not mutually exclusive, but there is a certain logical order in the application of the specific situation, in general: the first application of liability insurance system; When the victim has no insurance relief or insurance compensation can not cover all the losses, he may apply for compensation fund; when the above two systems and other private relief means can not get all compensation, the government needs to pay administrative benefits.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.68
本文编号：2413345
[Abstract]:The whole world is at the peak of industrialization. Industrialization provides important material guarantee for the development of economy and society, at the same time, the environmental pollution it produces greatly exceeds the self-purification ability of the environment, and it brings great harm to human beings through the environment on which human beings depend for survival. At the same time, sudden environmental pollution accidents caused by mismanagement and sudden natural disasters also occur. Both normality and sudden environmental pollution lead to serious damage to persons, property and environmental elements. Without relief, there is no right, and the rights of the victim must be remedied. However, the contradiction between the unlimited right remedy demand and the limited relief resources of the polluting enterprises and even the country makes it difficult for the victims to obtain adequate relief. In addition, environmental tort itself has the value of legitimacy, causality is difficult to determine, exemption provisions are not scientific, the limitation of action on latent pollution of the plight of the application of such factors as the traditional existing relief system can not meet the actual needs. In this background, in order to maintain justice, stabilize social order and sustainable development, the socialization of environmental civil liability, whose main content is compensation of environmental tort damage, is the common concern of civil law and environmental law of all countries. Based on the urgent need of relief to the victims of pollution, countries all over the world are actively exploring ways to build socialized relief for environmental damage. To sum up, there are mainly environmental liability insurance, administrative payments, compensation funds, special deposits in advance and social insurance five categories. Each kind of social relief method has different system survival soil, the function exerts the mechanism and the legal principle basis. From the point of view of ought to be, when seeking the mechanism of socialized relief of environmental damage, we should construct the system of socialized relief of environmental damage through the coordination and cooperation of various damage filling systems. But in terms of the overall level of social development in our country, the overall willingness of enterprises to assume social responsibility, the overall ability of the state to undertake the construction of social welfare, the local practice of various relief methods, and other subjective and objective factors, The environmental damage insurance system is undoubtedly the best choice. However, the single system of liability insurance for environmental damage can not meet the current needs of environmental damage compensation in China, nor can it improve the level of social relief of environmental damage. Therefore, with the construction of environmental damage liability insurance system as the main focus of the construction of social relief system, we must also actively promote the construction of other relief methods. In order to promote the socialized relief mode of environmental damage compensation, we must fully clarify the logical order of application among all kinds of relief methods in order to enhance the maneuverability of the system. Administrative payment, liability insurance and compensation fund are not mutually exclusive, but there is a certain logical order in the application of the specific situation, in general: the first application of liability insurance system; When the victim has no insurance relief or insurance compensation can not cover all the losses, he may apply for compensation fund; when the above two systems and other private relief means can not get all compensation, the government needs to pay administrative benefits.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.68
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