论中国环境标准制定制度的完善

发布时间：2019-01-23 19:30

【摘要】：环境标准是环境治理之重要一环。我国每年制定出的环境标准不在少数，然而要么是滥竽充数无法实行；要么是东施效颦照搬国外标准，与我国的经济社会发展水平不相适应；还有的标准甚至不符合实际到这样的地步——根据其得出的结论与一般公众的感觉都大相径庭。追本溯源原因在于我国的环境标准制定制度存在着价值定位上的偏差、缺乏民主参与性以及缺乏透明性等问题。本文围绕环境标准制定制度这个主题，共分三个部分展开论述：环境标准的性质与环境标准制定之关系、我国环境标准制定制度存在的问题、我国环境标准制定制度的完善。第一章首先对我国环境标准的性质做出了界定。环境标准的性质决定了制定环境标准应当采取的制度。目前论者一般将环境标准作为一个整体性的概念来论述其性质。而我国的环境标准无论是作为一种标准，还是作为一种行政规范性文件都不具有法律效力，但是在事实上却发挥着一定的法律规则的功能，处于一种“名不副实”的混乱状态。故本文拟将环境标准分为环境质量标准、污染物排放标准、环境技术标准三种，环境质量标准属于一种行政目标，污染物排放标准、环境技术标准均属于一种标准，但如果经法律规定或法规引用便具有了强制性，成为法律、法规或者规章规定强制执行的标准，属于WTO／TBT规定的技术性法规的一部分，因此三种环境标准应当采取不同的制度来制定。第二章通过吸收环境伦理学、环境经济学的相关知识，挖掘出我国环境标准制定制度表面存在的问题背后的根源，包括价值定位上的偏差、缺乏民主参与性以及缺乏透明性等。第三章针对我国环境标准制定制度存在的问题，指出通过完善环境标准制定制度的价值定位来解决价值定位上的偏差问题；通过完善环境标准制定的具体制度特别是公众参与机制来解决缺乏民主参与性的问题；通过完善环境标准制定的信息公开制度来解决缺乏透明性的问题；同时还论述了一个前沿性的问题对环境标准制定行为的司法审查。最后得出结论，针对上述问题，我国应当借鉴美、日、欧的相关制度，从价值定位、制定程序、信息公开以及司法审查等方面来完善我国的环境标准制定制度，，使得我国制定出的环境标准更具程序合法性与实质合理性。
[Abstract]:Environmental standards are an important part of environmental governance. There are not a few environmental standards that our country formulates every year, however, either it is impossible to carry out the poor numbers, or the Dongshi imitates the foreign standards, which is not in accordance with the level of economic and social development of our country. There are also criteria that are not even true to the point where the conclusions are quite different from what the general public feels. The reason lies in the deviation of value orientation, the lack of democratic participation and the lack of transparency in our country's environmental standard-setting system. This paper focuses on the theme of environmental standard-making system, which is divided into three parts: the relationship between the nature of environmental standard and the establishment of environmental standard, the problems existing in our country's environmental standard-making system, and the perfection of our country's environmental standard-making system. The first chapter defines the nature of environmental standards in China. The nature of environmental standards determines the system that should be adopted in formulating environmental standards. At present, scholars generally discuss the nature of environmental standards as a holistic concept. However, the environmental standard of our country, whether as a standard or as an administrative normative document, has no legal effect, but in fact it plays a certain function of legal rules and is in a chaotic state of "not living up to its name". So the environmental standard is divided into three kinds: environmental quality standard, pollutant discharge standard, environmental technical standard, environmental quality standard belongs to one kind of administrative target, pollutant discharge standard and environmental technical standard belong to one kind of standard. However, if it is mandatory to be invoked by law or regulation, it becomes a standard of enforcement stipulated by law, regulation or regulation, and is part of the technical regulations stipulated by the WTO/TBT. Therefore, the three environmental standards should adopt different systems to formulate. Chapter two, by absorbing the relevant knowledge of environmental ethics and environmental economics, finds out the root causes of the problems on the surface of the environmental standard-setting system in China, including the deviation of value orientation, the lack of democratic participation and the lack of transparency and so on. The third chapter aims at the problems existing in the environmental standard-setting system of our country, and points out that the deviation of the value orientation can be solved by perfecting the value orientation of the environmental standard-setting system. To solve the problem of lack of democratic participation by perfecting the specific system of environmental standards, especially the mechanism of public participation, and to solve the problem of lack of transparency by perfecting the information disclosure system of environmental standards; At the same time, it discusses the judicial review of environmental standard-setting behavior. Finally, in view of the above problems, we should draw lessons from the relevant systems of the United States, Japan and Europe, and perfect our environmental standard-setting system from the aspects of value orientation, development procedures, information disclosure and judicial review, etc. Make the environmental standard that our country formulates more procedure legitimacy and substantial rationality.
【学位授予单位】：福州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D922.68

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