海洋污染治理法律规制问题研究

发布时间：2019-04-21 18:07

【摘要】： 二十一世纪是海洋的世纪,在开发和利用海洋环境资源的过程中,人类的活动不可避免的会对海洋环境带来污染和破坏。随着环保意识的提高,人们已经认识到那种“先污染后治理”的发展模式不是应对环境问题的正确思路,人们开始改变自己的传统观念,认为通过事先的预防措施防止环境问题的产生才是根本的解决办法。这种思路开始在环境管理领域渐渐传播开来,在各国的环境立法与政策中扎根立足。我国自20世纪70年代末80年代初,从环境问题造成的巨大损失和社会损害中认识到预防为主原则的极端必要性,并且自此之后的立法和工作中全面贯彻“预防为主”原则。当面对已经产生的海洋环境污染,我们需要采取治理措施。但是我国预防为主原则理念下的海洋环境保护法律体系侧重的是对海洋污染的防患未然,没有平衡防患未然与治患已然之间的关系。这种立法体系在实践中表现出的问题是,的确有相对比较完善的法律规范海洋环境污染的产生,但是海洋环境问题还是会在采取了预防、预警、监测等措施情况下出现。一旦当海洋污染不可避免的出现时,怎么依法治理、怎么有效治理却成了难事。通过对海洋污染的现状和严峻性进行分析,指出治理海洋污染的必要性。通过分析海洋污染治理的立法体系和立法现状,对当前我国海洋污染立法法律体系现状进行列举分析并指出其存在的问题。分析具体的海洋污染治理需要谁来组织、谁来管理、谁来实施。污染治理主体不同于污染治理责任主体,治理责任主体是指法律规定依法负有治理义务的主体,这种责任是由法律责任作为保障的,非履行不可;治理主体是受治理责任主体的委托实际从事治理工作的主体。分清两者概念的区别,提出海洋污染治理的责任主体应当包括污染责任者和政府两类,进而分析原因和现行立法体系中对责任主体规范存在的问题。对于海洋污染治理费用和资金来源是海洋污染治理需要解决的重要问题,对治污所需费用种类进行分类和认识、对治污资金的来源现状进行分析,并对规范资金来源的合理途径提出建议。法律责任是义务履行和权利实现的保障,通过对海洋污染治理责任进行研究,对海洋污染治理过程中的责任主体、责任类型、责任承担方式等进一步明确。最后是对我国海洋污染治理法律规制完善提出建议,包括:完善海洋污染治理立法体系建设;加强沿海地方立法;配置法律责任;构筑海洋污染治理执法管理体制;污染治理主体的规范和管理;治理资金、费用的管理;设置治理法律程序,突出程序作用;确立公众参与海洋污染治理制度等。
[Abstract]:The 21 century is the century of the ocean. In the process of exploitation and utilization of marine environmental resources, human activities will inevitably bring pollution and destruction to the marine environment. With the increasing awareness of environmental protection, people have realized that the development model of "pollution first and then governance" is not the right way to deal with environmental problems, and people begin to change their traditional ideas. It is considered that the fundamental solution is to prevent the emergence of environmental problems through pre-existing preventive measures. This idea began to spread gradually in the field of environmental management, and took root in the environmental legislation and policy of various countries. From the end of 1970s to the beginning of 1980s, China recognized the extreme necessity of the principle of "prevention first" from the huge loss and social damage caused by environmental problems, and carried out the principle of "prevention first" in the legislation and work since then. In the face of the existing marine environmental pollution, we need to take measures to control it. However, the legal system of marine environmental protection under the principle of prevention is focused on the prevention of marine pollution, and the relationship between prevention and treatment has not been balanced. The problem of this kind of legislation system in practice is that there are relatively perfect laws to regulate the occurrence of marine environmental pollution, but the marine environmental problems will still appear under the circumstances of taking measures such as prevention, early warning, monitoring and so on. When marine pollution is inevitable, how to deal with it according to law and how to deal with it effectively becomes difficult. Through the analysis of the current situation and severity of marine pollution, the necessity of controlling marine pollution is pointed out. By analyzing the legislative system and current situation of marine pollution control, this paper enumerates and analyzes the current legal system of marine pollution in China and points out its existing problems. Analysis of specific marine pollution control requires who to organize, who to manage, who to implement. The subject of pollution control is different from the subject of responsibility of pollution treatment. The subject of governance responsibility refers to the subject who has the duty of governance according to law. This kind of responsibility is guaranteed by legal responsibility and must not be fulfilled. The subject of governance is the subject who is entrusted by the subject of governance responsibility to actually engage in the work of governance. This paper makes a clear distinction between the two concepts, puts forward that the responsible subjects of marine pollution control should include the responsible persons and the government, and then analyzes the reasons and the problems existing in the norms of the responsible subjects in the current legislative system. The cost and source of funds for the treatment of marine pollution are the important problems that need to be solved in the treatment of marine pollution, the classification and understanding of the types of costs required for the treatment of pollution, and the analysis of the status quo of the sources of the funds for the treatment of pollution, And put forward the reasonable way to standardize the source of funds. The legal liability is the guarantee of fulfilling the obligation and the realization of the right. Through the study of the marine pollution control responsibility, the main body of responsibility, the type of responsibility and the mode of responsibility are further clarified in the process of marine pollution control. Finally, suggestions are put forward to perfect the legal regulation of marine pollution control in China, including: perfecting the legislative system of marine pollution control; strengthening the coastal local legislation; configuring legal responsibility; constructing the management system of marine pollution control and law enforcement; The regulation and management of the main body of pollution control; the management of management funds and expenses; the setting up of legal procedures for governance, highlighting the role of procedures; establishing the system of public participation in the treatment of marine pollution, and so on.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D922.6

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