我国环境侵权民事责任与救济问题研究
发布时间：2019-06-14 00:55
【摘要】：环境侵权是指因人为的活动,致使生态环境和自然资源遭受破坏或污染而侵害他人生活权益、环境权益及其他权益,依法应当承担民事责任的一种特殊侵权行为。各国的环境侵权救济机制中,基本上都采用拓展传统民事侵权救济机制来实现对环境侵权受害人的保护,但传统的民法理论中有关侵权行为构成要件的违法性因素不应成为我国环境侵权民事救济的构成要件。违法性要件退出环境侵权民事责任的构成要件,从终极意义上来讲更加有利于环境侵权受侵害人利益的保护。日本的公害救济制度以及美国的非诉讼解决机制为我国环境侵权民事责任的救济提供了新的思路。我国目前环境侵权民事责任救济制度的缺陷主要集中在法律责任构成要件不协调、举证责任倒置在实务中缺乏相应的可操作性、救济途径单一等问题上。基于我国环境侵权民事责任救济制度的现状,在宪法中规定公民的环境权、更新环境侵权损害赔偿的理论、加强环境执法权的干预范围等措施是解决当前环境侵权民事责任问题的关键。建立健全的环境侵权民事责任救济制度应该在制度上进行重新的设计,并在相应的举证责任、诉讼时效、审判职能部门的建设上作出相应的调整,以适应全新的环境侵权民事责任救济机制。
[Abstract]:Environmental tort is a kind of special tort that infringes on the living rights and interests, environmental rights and other rights and interests of others as a result of artificial activities, resulting in the destruction or pollution of ecological environment and natural resources, and should bear civil liability according to law. In the environmental tort relief mechanism of various countries, the traditional civil tort relief mechanism is basically used to realize the protection of environmental tort victims, but the illegal factors of the constituent elements of tort in the traditional civil law theory should not become the constituent elements of environmental tort civil relief in our country. The withdrawal of illegal elements from the constituent elements of civil liability for environmental tort is more conducive to the protection of the interests of environmental tort victims in the ultimate sense. The relief system of public pollution in Japan and the non-litigation settlement mechanism in the United States provide a new way of thinking for the relief of civil liability for environmental tort in China. At present, the defects of the civil liability relief system of environmental tort in our country mainly focus on the uncoordinated constituent elements of legal liability, the lack of corresponding maneuverability of the inversion of burden of proof in practice, the single way of relief and so on. Based on the present situation of the civil liability relief system of environmental tort in our country, the key to solve the problem of civil liability of environmental tort is to stipulate the environmental rights of citizens in the constitution, renew the theory of compensation for environmental tort damage, and strengthen the intervention scope of environmental law enforcement power. To establish a sound civil liability relief system for environmental tort, we should redesign the system, and make corresponding adjustments in the corresponding burden of proof, limitation of action and the construction of trial functional departments in order to adapt to the new civil liability relief mechanism of environmental tort.
【学位授予单位】：黑龙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D923;D922.68
本文编号：2498965
[Abstract]:Environmental tort is a kind of special tort that infringes on the living rights and interests, environmental rights and other rights and interests of others as a result of artificial activities, resulting in the destruction or pollution of ecological environment and natural resources, and should bear civil liability according to law. In the environmental tort relief mechanism of various countries, the traditional civil tort relief mechanism is basically used to realize the protection of environmental tort victims, but the illegal factors of the constituent elements of tort in the traditional civil law theory should not become the constituent elements of environmental tort civil relief in our country. The withdrawal of illegal elements from the constituent elements of civil liability for environmental tort is more conducive to the protection of the interests of environmental tort victims in the ultimate sense. The relief system of public pollution in Japan and the non-litigation settlement mechanism in the United States provide a new way of thinking for the relief of civil liability for environmental tort in China. At present, the defects of the civil liability relief system of environmental tort in our country mainly focus on the uncoordinated constituent elements of legal liability, the lack of corresponding maneuverability of the inversion of burden of proof in practice, the single way of relief and so on. Based on the present situation of the civil liability relief system of environmental tort in our country, the key to solve the problem of civil liability of environmental tort is to stipulate the environmental rights of citizens in the constitution, renew the theory of compensation for environmental tort damage, and strengthen the intervention scope of environmental law enforcement power. To establish a sound civil liability relief system for environmental tort, we should redesign the system, and make corresponding adjustments in the corresponding burden of proof, limitation of action and the construction of trial functional departments in order to adapt to the new civil liability relief mechanism of environmental tort.
【学位授予单位】：黑龙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D923;D922.68
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