北洋政府时期的女性离婚权考察

发布时间：2018-01-26 06:45

本文关键词： 北洋政府女性离婚权离婚法律制度大理院判解　出处：《天津商业大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：北洋政府时期是社会转型的重要时期，此时的婚姻关系亦随之发生了一系列变化，从法律层面来说，当时的婚姻法律具有鲜明的中国传统特色，离婚法规基本沿用了清朝时期的旧律，维护传统的封建伦理制度以及以父权和夫权为主导的宗族家长制度。从司法层面来看，大理院在对离婚案件进行裁判时，既尽力保留中国的民事法律传统，又循序渐进地对这些传统进行近代化的改造，以期达到一个良好的过渡效果。这一改造主要是通过大理院的司法判例和解释例进行的。因此，考察当时的女性离婚权，必须从分析大理院的相关判例和解释例出发。大理院一方面对女性的离婚权给予保护，将女性可以主张离婚的理由进行扩大，主要包括不堪同居之虐待、重大侮辱、通奸、恶意遗弃、男方残疾、重婚，同时对男方的离婚权进行限制，例如修正“七出”制度、严格“妻背夫在逃”的认定标准、男方离婚权的丧失等，此外还赋予了女性离婚损害赔偿请求权；另一方面，大理院又对女性的离婚权进行了限制，，如严格离婚条件的认定、离婚诉讼中举证困难、离婚后的子女监护权不平等，由此使得当时的女性权利发生了诸多变化，其中虽然有大理院对传统妥协的保守之处，但更多的地方则体现了大理院顺应潮流的灵活与变通。离婚事件日趋增加，这是北洋政府时期婚姻状况发展中的一个显著特征。就女性方面来说，主要是因为自我意识的增强以及经济生活中自立能力的提高。在离婚原因中，诸如遗弃、虐待、侮辱、重婚、买卖婚姻、经济压迫等，绝大多数的受害者都是女性，女性出于受压迫、受侮辱的地位，因而主动提出离婚的情况较多。然而，这些因不堪忍受丈夫非人迫害而勇于提出离婚的女性，在当时并不会太多，当时的女性想要通过离婚实现独立自主的愿望仍然难以实现，更多的女性因种种原因选择忍受屈辱的生活。这种有权却无法自由行使的现象，与北洋政府时期特殊的历史背景息息相关,社会现实迫使她们以委曲求全的态度来面对不幸的婚姻。北洋政府时期，离婚制度的变革呈现严重不平衡的情况，各种传统的婚姻陋习还广泛存在，尤其是在广大的农村和边远地区，这显然同经济发展水平、受西方文明影响的强弱，以及民众受教育程度等因素有关。男尊女卑、重男轻女、三从四得、从一而终等封建礼教观念支配了中国几千年，直至近代，余毒仍在，传统的妇女观根深蒂固。中国近代社会变革的不平衡与不彻底，导致妇女就业艰难，政治地位无法提高；受教育的机会不平衡，使得大部分农村妇女的思想依然愚昧落后。近代妇女尤其是农村妇女经济不独立且没有政治参与权的社会现实必然会在婚姻方面有所反映。这恐怕是旧式婚姻制度仍在各地照行不误的根本原因。同时，北洋政府时期虽然有统一的法令，但许多地方守旧势力时常以男权“卫道者”的面目出现对司法活动横加干涉，女性的离婚权也因此受到影响，法律往往如同空文。北洋政府时期女性离婚权的变迁，体现了传统婚姻制度在新的历史条件下的变革。中国资本主义的产生和发展、社会观念的变革、女子教育和职业的发展以及法制的不断进步与完善等原因，都直接或间接的导致了北洋政府时期女性离婚权的变化。但是，传统离婚制度向现代转型的过程必然经历反复曲折、新旧矛盾与斗争。只有整个社会意识的进步、女性在政治和经济方面地位的提升，女性通过法律手段维护自身离婚权的愿望才能实现。此外民法近代化是一个渐进的过程，绝不是通过一次立法行为就可以实现的。只有清醒的认识到法制现代化过程中面临的基本问题，深刻地理解本民族的文化以及立足于其上的法律文化，我们才能正确的鉴别外国法律资源的优劣。中国的法制现代化必然是扎根于中国文化与法律传统的现代化，也必然是取长补短的现代化。
[Abstract]:The Beiyang government period is an important period of social transformation, the marriage relationship has changed a lot, from a legal perspective, the marriage law has distinct characteristics of traditional Chinese, divorce laws the basic use of the old law of the Qing Dynasty, the feudal ethics and the traditional maintenance system in patriarchal clan dominated patriarchal system. From the judicial perspective, Dali Academy in the judgment of the divorce case, both try to retain the traditional civil law Chinese, and gradually the modern transformation of the traditional, in order to achieve a good transition effect. This transformation is mainly the judicial precedent and interpretation of cases by the Institute of Dali at the time of the study. Therefore, women's right to divorce, must start from the related case analysis and interpretation of Dali hospital cases.
Dali hospital on the one hand, women's right to divorce to protect women can claim a divorce on the grounds of expansion, including the major cohabitation unbearable abuse, insult, adultery, abandonment, or disability, bigamy, also to the right of divorce restrictions, such as repairing is "7" system standard strictly "wife the porters at large, the man lost the right to divorce, also gives women the divorce damages claim; on the other hand, the Dali Institute of women's right to divorce to the limit, such as strict divorce conditions identified from the burden of difficult marriage lawsuit, child custody after divorce is not equal, so the women's rights at the time has undergone many changes, which although Dali Academy of traditional conservative compromise, flexible and flexible but more places are reflected in the Dali Academy of the tide.
Divorce is increasing, this is a significant feature of the development of the Beiyang government period. Women's marital status in hand, mainly because of self-awareness and self-reliance in economic life improved. In the divorce reasons, such as abandonment, abuse, insult, marriage, marriage, economic oppression, the vast most of the victims are women, women for the oppressed, insulted the status, thus offered to divorce more. However, because of the unbearable husband inhuman persecution to divorce women at that time and not too much, then the women want to achieve independent desire through the divorce is still difficult to achieve more women because of various reasons, choose to endure humiliating life. This does not have the right to free exercise of the Beiyang government, and the special historical background is closely related to the social reality, forcing They had to approach to the unfortunate marriage.
The period of Beiyang government, the divorce system change presents serious unbalanced situation, all kinds of traditional marriage customs also exist widely, especially in the vast rural and remote areas, apparently with the level of economic development, influenced by Western civilization degree, and public education and other factors. The degree of sexist, patriarchal, from three. Four, one such feudal domination has China for thousands of years, until modern times, that is still in the traditional view of women. China ingrained social reforms in modern unbalance and not complete, resulting in women's employment difficult, political status can not be improved; education is not balanced, the majority of rural women's ideas are still ignorant and backward modern women. Especially rural women are not financially independent and have no right to participate in politics social reality will be reflected in the aspects of marriage. This is probably the old marriage The system is still around as fundamental reason not correct. At the same time, the period of Beiyang Government although a unified statute, but many local conservative forces often with male "Guardian" emerged for judicial intervention activities out of women's right to divorce is also affected, as to the legal significance.
The change of Beiyang Government women the right to divorce, reflects the change of the traditional marriage system in the new historical conditions. The emergence and development of capitalist society Chinese, change the concept of development of women's education and occupation of the legal system and the continuous improvement and perfection of other reasons, are directly or indirectly lead to the change of women during the period of Beiyang government the right of divorce. However, the traditional divorce system to the modern transformation of the inevitable tortuous, old and new contradictions and struggle. Only the consciousness of social progress, women's status in political and economic aspects of the promotion of women through legal means to safeguard their own right to divorce the desire to achieve. In addition the modernization of civil law is a gradual the process, not through a legislative behavior can be realized. The basic problem is only aware of the process of the modernization of law, a profound understanding of the nation We must correctly identify the advantages and disadvantages of foreign legal resources by culture and legal culture based on it. The modernization of Chinese legal system must be rooted in the modernization of Chinese culture and legal tradition, and it is also the modernization of complementarity.

【学位授予单位】：天津商业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D929;D923.9;K26

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