西方离婚理由历史研究

发布时间：2019-03-02 15:25

【摘要】： 婚姻行为是人类最基本的社会行为之一,它包括结婚和离婚两大类。因此,从人类社会诞生之日起,离婚行为就存在于人类社会之中。建立在不同经济基础上的不同社会,其离婚制度也各不相同。面对形态各异的离婚制度,本文以西方社会的离婚理由为研究的切入点,通过对西方社会不同历史时期不同离婚理由的考察,以期为我国今后的婚姻立法找到可借鉴之处。本文分为引言和正文两大部分。在引言部分,本文首先阐述了2001年《婚姻法》修订过程中各方学者的观点,从而引出了本文的选题原因,即由西方引进的“无过错主义”离婚思想在我国是否有存在的必要。接着,笔者又对“离婚理由”的概念给出了自己的观点,并简单介绍了西方社会在离婚立法上所采取过的两种立法主义——禁止离婚主义和许可离婚主义。本文的正文共分为四章。第一章主要论述了古罗马时期的离婚理由。该章又分为两个小节,即古罗马早期的离婚理由和古罗马晚期的离婚理由。在古罗马早期,由于社会客观条件的局限以及罗马人所独有的婚姻观和家庭观,使得早期的离婚理由只局限于通奸、无子和重大行为过失上,因此离婚现象比较少见。而到了罗马社会的晚期,罗马的经济、政治以及在文化和婚姻观上的改变,不但使得离婚现象增多,也使得离婚理由发生了变化:离婚的理由逐渐受到限制,到帝国后期由于基督教的影响,甚至一度出现了禁止协议离婚的现象。本文的第二章主要论述的是中世纪教会法中的“禁止离婚主义”原则。本章首先介绍了教会法的概念和发展历程,随后从《圣经》中婚姻是“神配的,人不可分开”这一基本教义出发,对“禁止离婚主义”所包含的内容以及其发展做出了详细的阐述。在本章的最后,笔者又重新以教会的教义为出发点,推论出“禁止离婚主义”就是教会所提倡的禁欲主义在法律上的表现,而由推行“禁止离婚主义”原则所导致的教俗冲突在本质上也不过是教权与皇权之争在世俗婚姻事务领域内的反映。本文的第三章共分为两个小节,分别以1857年《婚姻诉讼法》和1969年《离婚改革法》为例,论述了“过错主义”原则和“无过错主义”原则在西方离婚法上的确立和发展。在回顾英国离婚法的近现代化的基础上,笔者总结出了英国近现代离婚法的特点,即宗教色彩减弱、男女权利趋向平等和法律在道德上的中立化。本文的最后一章是笔者对我国婚姻立法的几点思考和立法建议。笔者以西方离婚立法的历史经验为基础,进而提出了自己的观点:在我国今后的婚姻立法中,仍应坚持“无过错主义”离婚思想,而在判决离婚标准的立法模式上应坚持客观主义立法模式。在此观点的基础上,笔者结合我国的实际情况提出了对我国婚姻法的几点建议。
[Abstract]:Marriage is one of the most basic social behaviors, which includes marriage and divorce. Therefore, since the birth of human society, divorce behavior exists in human society. Different societies based on different economic foundations have different divorce systems. Facing the divorce system of different forms, this article takes the divorce reasons of the western society as the starting point, through the investigation of different divorce reasons in different historical periods of the western society, in order to find some reference for the marriage legislation of our country in the future. This paper is divided into two parts: introduction and text. In the introduction part, this paper firstly expounds the opinions of scholars in the process of amending the Marriage Law in 2001, and then leads to the reason why this paper is selected, that is, whether the divorce thought of "blunder-free" introduced by the West is necessary for the existence of the divorce thought in our country. Then, the author gives his own views on the concept of "divorce grounds", and briefly introduces the two kinds of legislationalism adopted by the western society in divorce legislation-prohibition divorce doctrine and permit divorce doctrine. The text of this paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter mainly discusses the reasons for divorce in ancient Rome. The chapter is divided into two sections, that is, the reasons for divorce in the early period of ancient Rome and the reasons for divorce in the late period of ancient Rome. In the early period of ancient Rome, due to the limitations of social objective conditions and the unique view of marriage and family of Romans, the reasons for early divorce were limited to adultery, childlessness and gross negligence, so the phenomenon of divorce was rare. In the late Roman society, changes in economic, political and cultural and marital views not only increased divorce, but also changed the grounds for divorce: the grounds for divorce were gradually restricted. By the end of the empire, because of the influence of Christianity, even the phenomenon of the prohibition of divorce by agreement appeared at one time. The second chapter of this paper mainly discusses the principle of "prohibition of divorce" in medieval church law. This chapter first introduces the concept and development of the church law, and then proceeds from the basic doctrine that marriage is "God-matched, man cannot be separated" in the Bible. This paper expounds in detail the contents and development of Forbidden divorce Doctrine. At the end of this chapter, the author takes the doctrine of the church as the starting point again, and deduces that "the prohibition of divorce" is the legal expression of the asceticism advocated by the church. In essence, the conflict between religion and customs caused by the principle of "prohibition of divorce" is merely a reflection of the dispute between religious power and imperial power in the field of secular matrimonial affairs. The third chapter of this paper is divided into two sections. Taking the Marriage procedure Law of 1857 and the divorce Reform Law of 1969 as examples, the author discusses the establishment and development of the principles of "wrongdoing" and "blunder-free" in the western divorce law. On the basis of reviewing the modernization of the British divorce law, the author summarizes the characteristics of the British modern divorce law, that is, the weakening of the religious color, the equality of the rights of men and women and the moral neutrality of the law. The last chapter of this paper is the author's thoughts and suggestions on marriage legislation in China. Based on the historical experience of divorce legislation in the west, the author puts forward his own viewpoint: in the future marriage legislation of our country, we should still adhere to the idea of "no wrongdoing" in divorce. On the other hand, the objective legislative model should be adhered to in the legislative mode of adjudicating divorce standard. On the basis of this point of view, the author puts forward some suggestions on the marriage law of our country according to the actual situation of our country.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D913.9

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