贸易自由化下的劳工标准问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-23 16:33

本文选题：贸易 + 自由化　；参考：《西南政法大学》2004年硕士论文

【摘要】：劳工标准是处理劳动关系的一些原则、规则，它的范围十分广泛，如工人的工资水平、工作时间、劳动安全条件、集体谈判和平等就业等都是劳工标准的内容。早在19世纪，美国等国家就开始关注各国国内的劳工标准对国际贸易的影响。随着第二次世界大战之后贸易自由化浪潮的兴起，劳工标准问题更是凸显。从1947年至今，发达国家与发展中国家就GATT／WTO法律框架应否纳入劳工标准问题的争论从未间断。此外，在非官方层面，如跨国公司的生产守则运动中也交织着贸易与劳工标准问题。中国是世界上的贸易大国，又是WTO的成员之一，劳工标准问题不容回避，，因此，研究贸易与劳工标准问题对我国无疑具有重大的理论和现实意义。本文以“贸易自由化下的劳工标准问题研究”为题，是从贸易与劳工标准关系的视角来研究劳工标准问题，并将重心放在劳工标准与推动全球贸易自由化的WTO之间的关系上，最后对比国际劳工标准研究我国的劳动立法，希望有助于我国对此问题的应对。全文的阐述体系共分为四部分：第一部分为“劳工标准概述”。该部分探讨了劳工标准的定义并介绍了在WTO中引起激烈争论的核心劳工标准。笔者认为，劳工标准是国际法或者一国国内法所认可的劳动者劳动权利的范围和程度。所谓的核心劳工标准，是经合组织(OECD)设计的包括自由结社与集体谈判权、废除强迫劳动、就业平等、禁止使用童工等标准，它与国际劳工组织(ILO)制定的8个“基本劳动公约”的内容是相同的。第二部分为“贸易与劳工标准问题的历史演变”。这一部分旨在回顾贸易与劳工标准交织的漫长历史。在贸易与劳工标准问题的历史演变中，有两个问题一直倍受关注。第一个问题是低劳工标准导致的产品生产成本的低下是否构成国际贸易中的不公平竞争；第二个问题则涉及到人权，即是否应当通过贸易制裁的手段来促进他国劳工标准的提高。第三部分为“劳工标准与WTO”。这是论文的核心部分，笔者从三个方面对劳工标准与WTO的相关问题展开论述。首先是阐述劳工标准与贸易挂钩对现有WTO多边贸易体制的挑战。在现有WTO的法律框架下，除了GATT第20条第5款“与监狱囚犯产品有关的措施”这一规定外，劳工标准与贸易挂钩并无明确的法律依据。由于WTO并未表明劳工标准是划分产品类别的依据之一，因此“社会标签”(即给符合国际劳工标准条件下生产出的产品贴上的标签，以便于消费者对产品进行辨别与选择)违反了WTO的国民待遇与最惠国待遇原则。此外，WTO的相关案例也未表明一国国内的劳工标准具有域外效力，因此，GATT第20条第1款“为保护公共道德所必需的措施”与第2款“为保护人类、动物或植物的生命或健康所必需的措施”并不能作为限制低劳工标准国家产品进口的法律依据。其次，笔者从经济学与人权两个角度分析了WTO应否纳入劳工标准这一问题。从经济学角度看，支持WTO与劳工标准建立联系的观点认为低劳工标准构成贸易上的不公平竞争，具体表现是同低劳工标准的发展中国家进行贸易会阳氏发达国家不熟练工人的工资，并且使发达国家不得不阳氏本国劳工标准来参与竞争。对于毓发达国家不熟练工人工资的观点，尽管在理论上得到 “斯托尔帕一一萨谬尔森定理，的支持，但实证研究的结果并非如此。事实同样也表明，竞相降低劳工标准的担心也没有科学依据。从人权角度看，贸易制裁不仅不能达到提高他国劳工标准的目的，甚至会恶化他国的人权状况。因此，笔者认为WTO不应纳入劳工标准，促进劳工标准提高的工作应在工L0的框架下进行。最后，笔者分析了劳工标准与WTO关系的未来走向。从WTO的扩张性、消费者运动的影响、区域性的自由贸易协定以及劳工标准问题本身的复杂性来看，笔者认为盯O最终将会纳入劳工标准，发展中国家对此应有清晰的认识。第四部分为“国际劳工标准与我国的劳动立法”。我国在立法方面为保护劳工权益作出了巨大的努力，然而，对比核心劳工标准，我国的劳动法制还有许多不足之处。我国应当进一步完善《劳动法》和《工会法》，保障工人的自由结社与集体谈判权;逐步推进户籍制度的改革，消除就业中的歧视;加强法律的实施与监督，杜绝童工现象;深入研究有关的基本劳动公约，积极参加工L0的活动。这既能使我国在应对劳工标准问题时争得主动地位，又能提高我国的人权保障水平。
[Abstract]:Labor standards are a number of principles and rules to deal with labor relations. It has a wide range of rules, such as workers' wages, working hours, labor safety conditions, collective bargaining and equal employment. In the early nineteenth Century, the United States and other countries began to pay attention to the impact of domestic labor standards on international trade. Since the rise of the wave of trade liberalization after the Second World War, the problem of labor standards is more prominent. From 1947 to the present, the dispute between the developed and developing countries on the issue of the GATT / WTO legal framework should be incorporated into the labor standards. Labor standards. China is a big trade country in the world, and one of the members of WTO. The problem of labor standards can not be avoided. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the issue of trade and labor standards for China.
This paper, on the topic of "the study of labor standards under trade liberalization", studies the issue of labor standards from the perspective of the relationship between trade and labor standards, and focuses on the relationship between labor standards and the WTO of promoting global trade liberalization. Finally, it compares the labor legislation of the international labor standard to study the labor legislation of our country, and hopes to help me. The whole system is divided into four parts:
The first part is "outline of labor standards". This part discusses the definition of labor standards and introduces the core labor standards that cause intense debate in WTO. The author believes that the labor standard is the scope and degree of labor rights recognized by international law or a country's domestic law. The core labour standard is the OECD (OECD). The design includes the right to free association and collective bargaining, the abolition of forced labour, equality in employment, and the prohibition of the use of child labour. It is the same as the contents of the 8 "basic labor conventions" formulated by the International Labour Organization (ILO).
The second part is "the historical evolution of the trade and labor standards". This part aims to review the long history of trade and labour standards. In the historical evolution of the trade and labour standards, two issues have been concerned. The first question is whether the low labor standards caused by low labor standards constitute the country or not. Unfair competition in international trade; the second involves human rights, that is, whether trade sanctions should be adopted to promote the improvement of labor standards in other countries.
The third part is "labor standards and WTO". This is the core part of the paper. The author discusses the related issues of labor standards and WTO from three aspects. First, it expounds the challenge of labor standards and trade linked to the existing WTO multilateral trading system. Under the existing legal framework of WTO, Twentieth articles and fifth paragraphs of GATT are "inmates with prison inmates." There is no clear legal basis for the link between labour standards and trade. Since WTO does not show that labour standards are one of the basis for dividing the category of products, "social labels" (that is, are produced under the conditions of international labour standards. "
Labelling of products to facilitate consumers' identification and selection of products is a violation of WTO's
The principle of national treatment and MFN treatment. In addition, the relevant cases of WTO also do not show the internal state of a country.
Labor standards are extraterritorial, so GATT twentieth, first, "to protect public morality".
The necessary measures "and the second paragraph" are necessary for the protection of human life, animal or plant life or health.
"Measures" can not be used as a legal basis for restricting the import of products from countries with low labour standards.
From the two angles of economics and human rights, this paper analyzes whether WTO should be included in labor standards.
From the point of view of learning, support for WTO to establish links with labor standards suggests that low labor standards constitute trade.
The unfair competition is manifested in the trade association with the developing countries with low labour standards.
The wages of unskilled workers in developed countries and the developed countries have to come up with their own labor standards.
Participation in competition. The view of unskilled workers' wages in developed countries is, though theoretically, obtained.
Stoll Pa's one Samuel Sen theorem is supported, but the result of empirical research is not so.
It also shows that there is no scientific basis for the fear of reducing labor standards.
Trade sanctions can not only achieve the purpose of raising labor standards in other countries, but will even worsen human rights in other countries.
Therefore, the author believes that WTO should not be included in the labor standards and promote the improvement of labor standards.
It should be carried out under the framework of L0. Finally, the author analyzes the future of the relationship between labor standards and WTO.
From the expansion of WTO, the influence of consumer movement, regional free trade agreements and labor.
In view of the complexity of the labor standards, the author thinks that O will eventually be included in the labor standards.
The state of the exhibition should have a clear understanding of it.
The fourth part is "international labor standards and labor legislation in China".
Great efforts have been made to protect the rights and interests of labourers. However, compared with the core labor standards, China's labor has been greatly improved.
There are still many deficiencies in the legal system. China should further improve the labor law and trade union law.
Safeguarding workers' free association and collective bargaining power; gradually promoting the reform of household registration system and eliminating employment.
We should strengthen the implementation and supervision of laws, eliminate the phenomenon of child labor, and thoroughly study the relevant basic elements.
The labor convention actively takes part in the activities of L0. This will enable our country to fight against the issue of labour standards.
Taking the initiative and improving the level of human rights protection in China.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D99

【引证文献】