在华韩资中小企业创新问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-24 05:02

本文选题：创新 + 韩资中小企业　；参考：《吉林大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：自1992年中韩建交以来,每年都有为数众多的企业选择在中国投资,据估算在华韩资企业数已超过4万,其中绝大多数为规模较小的中小型企业。他们看中中国广大的内需市场以及廉价的生产要素成本而选择在华投资,并在相当长的时期内充分运用了这些有利之处。然而不幸的是,最近越来越多的韩资企业因失去在中国的竞争力而选择撤资,或者面临经营困难的局面。不过部分企业习惯将经营失败的原因归咎于中国的经营环境恶化、世界经济萧条等外部因素。从本质上来说,将在华经营举步维艰或受挫的原因归咎于这些外部因素并不合理。在同样的困境中,仍有企业逆市而上获得了成功,这些企业从不埋怨外部环境,而是勇于向所处的环境发起挑战,不断地自主创新。我们确信创新是决定企业成败的关键因素。创新是一个非常复杂的现象。古今内外,东西方众多学者致力于钻研创新,不过迄今为止还未形成完整的理论。自熊彼特(J. A. Schumpeter)开始至今,对于创新的研究未曾中断,包括创新的类型、创新的来源和决定因素、创新的过程、创新系统、创新与发展、雇佣及分配之间的关系、创新与企业规模以及市场机构间的关系等在内的种类繁多的理论研究相继开展。其中以彼得·德鲁克(Peter Drucker)为首的众多管理学家们提出企业家精神是创新的源泉,而且随着产业融合时代的来临,向企业外部开放的开放式创新(open innovation)也逐渐受到瞩目。创新是与社会、文化、制度等各类环境因素以及企业、政府、高等院校、研究机构等多样的主体综合、有机地联系在一起的问题,因此应该在系统的概念基础上对创新进行研究。在有关创新的理论及观点的基础上,本文对在华韩资中小型企业的经营现状以及实际情况进行了分析,总结了这些企业所面临的各类问题。由韩国海外投资支持机构大韩贸易投资振兴公社(KOTRA)展开的有关2008年度在华韩资企业经营成果评价及展望的问卷调查(Grand Survey 2008)揭示出美国金融危机爆发以后世界经济的不确定性以及北京奥运会后中国经济后退的趋势中,在华韩资企业所面临的严峻情况。虽然调查中,认为企业环境与在华投资初期相比得到改善的回答比变差的意见更多,但与2007年度的调查结果比较的话,认为环境变差的占比显著增多。然而这一比例在2009年度的调查中却又显著降低。根据调查结果,经营环境变差的主要因素为工资上升、人力资源不足等劳动力因素以及原材料价格攀升,同时经营业绩也随之变差。盈利企业占比虽比亏损企业占比高,不过2008年的企业利润情况与2007年相比明显恶化。此外,在对预测未来中国投资环境的回答中,认为更趋严峻的回答压倒性地高于认为将会好转的回答,这在制造类企业中尤为突出,他们对中国投资环境的展望特别悲观。究其原因,这种悲观性展望主要是受中国低成本结构以及韩国的技术优势地位消失影响所致。即使韩资企业的经营绩效恶化,并对中国未来投资经营环境的展望不乐观,但是他们对中国的期望仍然很高。接近半数的受访企业正在谋求未来扩大在华的投资规模,而计划缩小投资规模或撤资的企业仅为极少数而已。考虑撤资以及转移到其他国家的企业倾向于在越南、印度等东南亚地区投资,但是对于从新返回(U-Turn)到韩国却因韩国的高工资和市场狭小而持否定的态度。在华韩资企业在决定广告或销售、产品生产细节等事项时具有相对高的独立性,不过在研发或市场开拓等方面对韩国母公司的依赖度非常高。另外在雇佣方面,韩资企业重视建立长期雇佣关系轻短期雇佣,看重稳定性而非劳动的灵活性,关注员工绩效而非年资,强调奖励机制。其他机构和组织展开的调查显示在华韩资企业共同面临的各种困难包括：优秀的劳动力不足,人工成本上升导致经营压力增大,城市规划引起的工厂变迁压力以及土地使用权问题,赋予外资企业的各种优惠政策减少,《劳动法》修订产生的劳资关系变化,清算时间长,全球经济萧条以及开拓中国内需市场难等。除外部环境因素之外,在华韩资企业内部还存在着对创新的意志与热情不充分,为实现本地化所作出的努力不够,以及缺乏高瞻远瞩等根深蒂固的问题。另外值得注意的是,随着中韩两国之间技术差距快速缩短,中国企业逐渐成为韩国企业的主要竞争对手,因此韩国中小企业的危机意识也随之提升。面对上述现实问题,在华韩资企业的出路究竟在何方呢?答案唯有“创新”。为了提升在华韩资中小企业的创新能力,最迫切最首要的就是要转变思考框架(frame)。无论是国家、机构组织,还是企业,为了提高创新能力,就必须要具备系统的思考方式和将发展与变化的过程定义为一个连续的过程进行分析。而且,为了提升在华韩资中小企业的创新能力,韩国政府也应以符合全球化时代的思考模式,本着开放的态度,给予更有力的政策性支援。这不仅会为韩国企业创造更多的利润,最后还将有助于增进韩国的国家利益。具体创新方案有以下几点。首先是中小企业自身要持之以恒地进行自我创新,而最高管理者营造创新氛围的强烈意志是重中之重。与此同时,企业也要同时在内部设立负责创新的专门岗位,坚持不懈地开展相关教育及培训,积极进行跨企业和跨行业间的沟通和交流,给予组织支持感并建立补偿机制,发扬企业家精神,以及精通创新方法论。其次,韩国政府需要加强对中小企业创新的政策性支持。但是考虑到在华韩资中小型企业特殊的地理位置及企业的“国籍”特性,对其进行个别的、直接的支持诱发在韩国本国的中小企业的抵触情绪的可能性极大,因此政府应尽可能采取间接的、通用的支援方式。为此,最为首要的是形成可以提供企业支援服务的基础平台。其中搭建促进中小企业创新的基础平台可谓是关键,可以通过形成创新集群、深化产学研合作、保护知识产权及解决技术外泄问题、促进形成技术市场以及刺激技术交易、搞活风险投资等直接融资、和加强与外部建立关系网络等方式构建相关基础平台。在构建基础平台的努力基础上,还应按照各领域谋求具体且切实可行的政策。在人力资源方面,韩中两国可以联合成立并运营人才培养中心；管理方面,加强对韩资中小企业的信息提供及各类培训；销路方面,在中国主要城市设立中小企业产品展销店；在技术方面,成立联合试验认证中心,提供免费技术咨询顾问；在资金方面,扩大政策性资金支援力度；加强对个体工商户及服务类企业的创新支援。此外,为了推进韩资中小企业的创新,还需要中国政府在各方面的大力支持,包括宣传政府支援奖励政策、提供培训机会、通过产学合作来对其进行技术指导、努力消除韩资企业对技术外泄的担忧及不安感。这是因为韩资中小企业的创新与发展有利于中国经济发展和韩国经济的发展,可以产生双赢效果。因此,韩中两国掌管中小企业的部门应该建立一种有机的、定期的合作渠道。比如,两国政府可以尝试成立中韩中小企业创新中心,以便更永久地促进韩中两国中小企业的创新
[Abstract]:Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea in 1992, a large number of enterprises have chosen to invest in China each year. It is estimated that the number of enterprises in Hua Hanzi has exceeded 40 thousand. The vast majority of them are small and medium sized enterprises. They have chosen China's vast domestic demand market and cheap production factors to invest in China, and have been in a long period of time. Unfortunately, more and more Korean companies have recently chosen to withdraw or face difficulties in losing their competitiveness in China. However, some of the reasons for the failure of the business are attributed to the external factors such as the evil of China's operating environment, the depression of the world economy, and other external factors. It is not reasonable to blame the external factors for the difficulties and frustrations of the business in China. In the same predicament, there is still a successful business against the market. These enterprises never complain about the external environment, but are brave to challenge the environment and constantly innovate. We believe that innovation is the decision to determine the success or failure of the enterprise. The key factor.
Innovation is a very complex phenomenon. At home and abroad, many scholars and scholars in the East and the West devote themselves to research and innovation, but so far there has not been a complete theory. Since J. A. Schumpeter (Schumpeter), the research on innovation has not been interrupted, including the type of innovation, the new sources and determinants, the process of innovation, the innovation system, The relationship between innovation and development, the relationship between employment and distribution, the relationship between innovation and the scale of the enterprise and the relationship between the market institutions have been carried out one after another. Among them, many of the managers, headed by Peter Drucker (Peter Drucker), have proposed that entrepreneurship is the source of innovation, and with the era of industrial integration. Open innovation (open innovation), opening to the outside of the enterprise, is also attracting attention. Innovation is a comprehensive and organically linked question with various kinds of environmental factors, such as society, culture and system, as well as enterprises, government, institutions of higher learning, research institutions and so on. Therefore, innovation should be studied on the basis of the concept of the system.
On the basis of the theory and view of innovation, this paper analyzes the current situation and actual situation of the small and medium enterprises in China, and summarizes the various problems that these enterprises face. The operation of the Korean funded enterprises in China in 2008 is made by the Korea overseas investment support agency, the Korean trade and investment revitalization commune (KOTRA). The questionnaire survey on fruit evaluation and prospect (Grand Survey 2008) revealed the uncertainty of the world economy after the outbreak of the financial crisis in the United States and the severe situation faced by the Chinese Korean enterprises in China after the Beijing Olympic Games. More than the difference, but compared with the results of the survey in 2007, there was a significant increase in environmental deterioration. However, this proportion was significantly reduced in the 2009 survey. According to the results, the main factors for the deterioration of the environment were wage increases, labor factors and other labor factors, as well as the price of raw materials. The profit situation in 2008 is significantly worse than that in 2007. In addition, in the answer to the forecast of future China's investment environment, the more severe answer is overwhelmingly higher than the answer that is expected to be better, which is in the manufacturing enterprise. In particular, they are particularly pessimistic about China's investment environment. The reason is that the pessimistic outlook is mainly due to the disappearance of China's low cost structure and the disappearance of South Korea's technical advantage. Even though the performance of the Korean enterprises is deteriorating and the future investment environment in China is not optimistic, they are in the middle of the market. The country's expectations are still high. Nearly half of the companies are seeking to expand their investment in China in the future, while only a few companies plan to reduce their investment or withdrawal. South Korea has a negative attitude towards South Korea's high wages and small market. In China, Korean enterprises have relatively high independence in deciding advertising or sales, product production details and other matters, but are highly dependent on South Korean parent companies in research and development or market development. The employment relationship is short of short-term employment, emphasizing stability rather than labor flexibility, focusing on employee performance rather than seniority, emphasizing the reward mechanism.
The investigation of other organizations and organizations showed that the difficulties faced by Korean funded enterprises in China include: excellent labor shortage, increasing labor cost, increasing pressure of operation, pressure of factory change caused by urban planning and land use rights, reducing various preferential policies for foreign enterprises, "Labor Law > revised production" In addition to external environmental factors, there are not enough will and enthusiasm for innovation in the Chinese Korean enterprises, in addition to the external environmental factors, there are not enough efforts to achieve localization, and the lack of foresight and other deep-rooted problems. It should be noted that with the rapid reduction of the technical gap between China and South Korea, Chinese enterprises have gradually become the main competitors of Korean enterprises, so the crisis awareness of South Korean SMEs has also increased.
In the face of the above practical problems, where is the way out for the Korean funded enterprises in China? The answer is "innovation". In order to improve the innovation ability of small and medium enterprises in Korea, the most urgent and most important thing is to change the thinking framework (frame). Whether it is the state, organization, or enterprise, the system must be provided to improve the innovation ability. The way of thinking and the process of developing and changing is defined as a continuous process. In addition, in order to improve the innovative capacity of small and medium Korean enterprises in China, the Korean government should also give more powerful policy support in an open attitude, in line with the thinking mode of the era of globalization and an open attitude, which will not only create more for Korean enterprises. The profits will also help to improve the national interests of the Republic of Korea. The following are the following points. First, small and medium-sized enterprises themselves should carry out self innovation in a constant way, and the strong will of the highest managers to create a creative atmosphere is the most important. At the same time, enterprises should also set up special posts in charge of innovation at the same time, Unremitting efforts to carry out related education and training, actively communicate and communicate across enterprises and across industries, give a sense of organizational support and establish compensation mechanisms, develop entrepreneurship, and be proficient in innovative methodology. Secondly, the Korean government needs to strengthen policy support for innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises. The special geographical position of the enterprise and the "nationality" characteristic of the enterprise, the possibility of direct support to induce the conflict of small and medium enterprises in the country is very likely, so the government should take the indirect, general support way as far as possible. It is the key to build the basic platform to promote the innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises. We can form an innovative cluster, deepen the cooperation of the industry and research institutes, protect the intellectual property rights and solve the problem of technological outflow, promote the formation of the technology market, stimulate the technology transaction, invigorate the direct financing such as venture capital and strengthen the establishment of the relationship network with the outside. On the basis of the efforts to build the basic platform, we should also seek specific and practical policies in accordance with the various fields. In terms of human resources, the two countries can jointly establish and operate talent training centers; in management, we should strengthen the information provision and training of small and medium Korean enterprises; in sales, in the field of marketing, In the major cities of China, small and medium enterprise product stores have been set up; in technical aspects, a joint testing and Certification Center is set up to provide free technical advisory advisers; in terms of funds, it is necessary to expand the support of policy funds and strengthen innovative support for individual business and service enterprises. We should support the Chinese government in all aspects, including publicizing the government support and reward policy, providing training opportunities, conducting technical guidance through the cooperation of production and learning, and trying to eliminate the concern and unease of the Korean enterprises on technological outflow. This is because the innovation and development of small and medium-sized Korean enterprises are beneficial to the economic development of China and the South Korean economy. As a result, the two countries should establish an organic and regular channel of cooperation. For example, the two governments can try to set up an innovation center for SMEs in China and South Korea so as to promote the innovation of SMEs in Korea and China more permanently.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：F279.312.6;F273.1

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