论过失相抵在特殊体质案件中的适用

发布时间：2018-01-17 14:01

本文关键词：论过失相抵在特殊体质案件中的适用　出处：《天津师范大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：我国侵权法目前尚无针对受害人特殊体质案件的法律规定,司法实践中各地法院的裁判观点也不尽相同。最高人民法院于2014年发布的指导案例24号明确地采用了国外法通行的"蛋壳脑袋"规则,但对于受害人的特殊体质是否能够适用过失相抵制度,在理论与实务界仍存在较大争议。本文运用抽样分析的方法,收集了最高院指导案例24号发布前后涉及受害人特殊体质的侵权责任纠纷案件共计120例,通过对所收集的全部案例进行数据统计,统计出持不同观点的生效判决各自占比,并对其判决理由进行了归纳分类。经数据分析,医疗损害责任纠纷案件与机动车交通事故责任纠纷案件占据所收集案例的绝对多数,但对过失相抵制度的适用又有明显不同的观点:医疗损害责任纠纷案件大多沿用原因力理论,肯定了过失相抵制度在该类案件中的适用,而机动车交通事故责任纠纷案件则大多适用"蛋壳脑袋"规则,否定了过失相抵制度的适用。通过对比两种截然不同的裁判观点的理论依据及其优势与缺陷,本文在明晰对过失相抵制度在特殊体质案件中适用应当坚守的价值取向后,对适用过失相抵的一般原则提出了自己的观点,即:首先,对自身人身安全有极高注意义务的高危体质人群,在其没有采取合理谨慎的防范措施时,应当认为违反了自身的注意义务,具有重大过失,则应对其适用过失相抵;其次,对于对损害的扩大有注意义务的特殊体质人群,在没有采取合理措施避免损害的扩大的情况下,仅针对扩大的损害结果,应当对其适用过失相抵;最后,对于对损害结果缺乏注意义务的特殊体质人群,其对损害没有过失,不能适用过失相抵。在此基础上,本文以收集到的典型案件为例,适用本文观点对案件进行了分析,以说明该观点的合理性及可行性。通过对该观点的阐述,本文希望为我国司法实践中对特殊体质案件的法律适用增加理论依据,从而使司法实践中对该问题的处理更趋完善。
[Abstract]:At present, there are no legal provisions for the victims' special constitution cases in the tort law of our country. The Supreme people's Court in 2014 issued the guidance case No. 24 definitely adopted the "eggshell head" rule adopted by the foreign law. However, whether the victim's special constitution can be applied to the system of fault offset is still controversial in theory and practice. This paper uses the method of sampling analysis. Collected a total of 120 cases of tort liability disputes involving the victims' special constitution before and after the publication of the Supreme Court guidance case 24, through the collection of all cases of data statistics. Statistics of the different views of the effective judgment ratio, and its reasons for the judgment were classified and analyzed by data. Medical damage dispute cases and motor vehicle traffic accident liability disputes cases account for the absolute majority of the collected cases. However, the application of fault offset system has obvious different views: medical injury liability disputes mostly follow the theory of causative force, affirming the application of fault offset system in this kind of cases. But the motor vehicle traffic accident liability dispute cases are mostly applied to the "eggshell head" rule, which negates the application of the fault offset system. After clarifying the value orientation that should be adhered to in the application of fault offset system in special constitution cases, this paper puts forward its own views on the application of the general principle of fault offset, that is, first of all. The high risk people who have extremely high duty of care for their personal safety should be considered to have violated their duty of care and have serious negligence when they do not take reasonable and careful preventive measures. The fault shall be applied to it; Secondly, for the special body group with duty to pay attention to the expansion of the damage, if no reasonable measures are taken to avoid the expansion of the damage, only for the result of the damage, the fault should be applied to it. Finally, for the damage of the result of the lack of duty of care for the special body group, its damage has no fault, can not be applied to the fault offset. On this basis, this paper takes the typical cases collected as an example. Apply this viewpoint to the case analysis, to explain the rationality and feasibility of this view. Through the elaboration of this point of view. This paper hopes to increase the theoretical basis for the legal application of special constitution cases in the judicial practice of our country, so as to improve the handling of this problem in judicial practice.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923

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