论第三人惊吓损害的责任构成

发布时间：2018-01-18 04:24

本文关键词：论第三人惊吓损害的责任构成　出处：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：因事故发生受到惊吓损害的第三人应当界定为侵权行为的直接受害人,其可以作为原告提起侵权之诉,主张精神损害赔偿。从法理角度分析,理应给予此类受到惊吓损害的第三人损害赔偿的请求权。以《侵权责任法》第6条和第22条的具体规定为法律依据,应当从第三人被侵害的人身权益类型、遭受精神损害的严重程度、侵权行为与该权益受损之间的因果关系以及侵权行为人的过错四个方面逐一分析,基于事故发生遭受精神损害的第三人是否以及在何种条件下能够要求侵权行为人对其承担独立的精神损害赔偿责任。第三人所受惊吓损害的性质是直接损害,与《侵权责任法》第18条第1款中近亲属因被侵权人死亡遭受的精神损害有所不同,此时第三人受到侵害的权益类型不应认定为身份权或健康权,而是精神利益,该精神利益属于《侵权责任法》第2条中应予保护的人身权益。在《侵权责任法》的体系背景下,以精神利益受损来解释第三人所受惊吓损害完全可行,能够彰显对第三人独立的主体地位的关注,突出了第三人所受损害的直接损害属性,并且可以避开像德国法或者英国法上针对第三人精神受刺激必须患精神疾病从而认定为健康权受损害的要求。由于精神利益边界模糊,难以判断,在实践中会赋予法官过大的自由裁量权,因此要通过精神损害的严重性以及因果关系、过错要件进行限制。只有在精神损害满足严重性要求、权益受损与侵权行为具有因果关系、侵权行为人具有过错时,才能满足我国《侵权责任法》中规定的精神损害赔偿的构成要件,受害人才可以提起独立的侵权之诉。因为精神损害具有很强的主观性,十分容易被伪装和夸大,可能会导致精神损害赔偿的范围恣意扩张,必须加以调节,体现在《侵权责任法》第22条规定中就是必须造成严重精神损害当事人才可以请求精神损害赔偿。在司法实践中,原告若能举证证明遭受了医学上可以证明的精神或者身体疾病,就应当认定满足精神损害的严重性要求。此外,法院在判断受惊吓第三人精神损害的严重性时可以结合地方性指导意见中规定的严重精神损害的具体情形行使自由裁量权,若第三人所受损害包含在具体情形中或者与这些情形的严重程度相当,应当认定符合精神损害的严重性要求。第三人与受害人之间必须具有紧密亲属关系并且满足同时性知悉要件才能认为具备相当因果关系,不须满足受害人必须死亡或者重伤的条件。具有紧密的亲属关系,一方面是基于实用主义的考量,另一方面就是为了满足相当因果关系的要求。此种紧密的亲属关系具体到我国的法律体系中即是指受害人的近亲属。依照《最高人民法院关于贯彻执行中华人民共和国民法通则若干问题的意见(试行)》第12条的规定,包括配偶、父母、子女、兄弟姐妹、祖父母、外祖父母、孙子女、外孙子女。但是其作为原告与受害人之间的紧密关系并非是确定无疑的,基于其近亲属关系推定具备紧密关系要件,但是此种推定是能够被相反证据推翻的,即紧密亲属要件强调的还是实质的情感联系和情感纽带。同时性知悉要件就是为了确保损害的可预见性,限制被告的责任范围,该要件是区分受惊吓近亲属精神损害赔偿和近亲属派生的请求精神损害赔偿的重要条件和标志。同时性知悉要件要求分别满足同时性要件和知悉要件的要求。所谓同时性要件,是指事故发生时原告必须在事故现场或者身处能够知悉事故发生的物理范围内。知悉要件要求原告所知悉的内容和方式应当符合特定的要求。原告必须是自己直接知悉了事故的发生,而不能是通过他人转述而间接知悉。知悉的方式不限于目睹,也可以通过听觉或者触觉知悉事故的发生,但是这种情形下客观环境必须能够使原告确定受害人的身份,并且能够切身感受到受害人可能蒙受损害的重要方面即可。关于侵权行为人的主观过错,在近亲属受到惊吓损害满足前述紧密亲属要件和同时性知悉要件时,应当认为其精神利益受到侵害的风险已经能够被侵权行为人合理预见,侵权行为人对此负有注意义务,所以可以认定满足过错这一要件。
[Abstract]:Because the accident frightened damage third people should be defined as the direct victims of violations, it can be used as the plaintiff filed infringement complaint, claim compensation for moral damage. From the perspective of jurisprudence, should be given to such damage by third frightening damage compensation claim. In the specific provisions of the tort liability law < > sixth and twenty-second the legal basis for infringement, should be third people from the personal rights and interests of the type, severity suffered mental damage, the causal relationship between the tort and the damage to the interests of the tortfeasor's fault and the four aspects are analyzed one by one, whether the accident suffered mental damage third and under what conditions can liability mental damage requirements infringement of its commitment based on independence. Third people affected by the nature of frightening damage is a direct damage, and "the first paragraph of the tort liability law > eighteenth In close relatives because of mental damage suffered by the infringee dies is different, this time third people are against the interests of the type should not be regarded as the right of identity or the right to health, but the spiritual interests and spiritual interests "belongs to tort law > second shall be protected in the human rights system. In the background of" infringement law >, with the spirit of interests to explain third people frightened damage is entirely feasible, can highlight the independent status of Third People's attention, the direct damage highlights third people injured and can avoid the attributes, like the German law or English law for the third spirit of people suffering from mental illness and must be stimulated as the right to health damage. Due to the fuzzy, spiritual interests boundary is difficult to judge, will give judges too much discretion in practice, therefore by the mental damage severity and causality The Department, to limit the fault elements. Only to meet the requirements in serious mental damage, damage to the interests of the causal relationship and tort, the infringement has the fault, in order to meet the spiritual damage provisions of China's "tort liability law > the compensation elements, victims can bring to independent tort. Because the spirit of the damage is very subjective, very easy to be fake and exaggerated, may lead to arbitrary expansion of the scope of mental damages, must be regulated, embodied in the" tort liability law "provisions of article twenty-second is to cause serious mental damage the parties may request compensation for moral damage. In judicial practice, if the plaintiff can prove that suffering can prove medical mental or physical illness, it should be identified to meet the requirements of serious mental damage. In addition, the court frightened the loss of third people in the spirit of judgment The specific circumstances of serious harm can be combined with serious mental damage provides guidance in the place of the exercise of discretion, if serious damage degree of third people included in the specific circumstances or with these circumstances, should be recognized the seriousness of the requirement of mental damage. Between the third person and the victim must have closely kinship and meet at the same time that elements will be considered to have a causal relationship, not to meet the victim must be killed or severely injured. The condition is closely related, one is based on the consideration of pragmatism, on the other hand is to satisfy the causality requirements. Such close relationships specific to the legal system in China which refers to the close relatives of the victims. In accordance with the "Supreme People's Court on the implementation of the general principles of the civil law of People's Republic of China Comments (Trial) "provisions of article twelfth, including spouses, parents, children, brothers and sisters, grandparents, grandparents, grandchildren and grandchildren. But as the close relationship between the plaintiff and the victim is not certain, the close relatives have close relationship elements based on the presumption, but this presumption is to the opposite is evidence, namely close relatives or emphasize the essence elements of emotional ties and emotional ties. At the same time that elements is to ensure the foreseeability of the damage, the liability limit range, the requirement is an important condition and the distinguishing of frightened of moral damage to near relatives and close relatives derived compensation for mental damage at the same time. It knows of requirements to meet the requirements of the elements and are aware of the elements. The elements at the same time, refers to the accident occurred when the plaintiff must be at the scene of the accident or body To know the accident within the scope of the physical requirements. Aware of the content and the way of the known shall conform to the specified requirements. The plaintiff must be aware of their direct accident, but not by others reporting indirectly aware of. Aware of the way is not limited to see, can also be through auditory or tactile aware of the accident however, in this case the objective environment must be able to make sure the identity of the victim, and can feel the victim may suffer damage. On the important aspects of the tortfeasor's subjective fault, being in close relatives meet the close relatives of frightening damage elements and also knows the requirements, should be considered the risk of spiritual interests the tortfeasor has been reasonably foreseeable tort, bears the duty of care, so you can meet that The wrong element is wrong.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923

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