公平责任适用问题研究

发布时间：2018-01-28 17:52

本文关键词： 公平责任归责损失分担事实联系社会保障制度　出处：《吉林大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：侵权法是我国民法体系的重要内容,其所确立的过错责任原则、无过错责任原则是解决民事纠纷的重要制度。但对于公平责任的定位和适用,理论界和实践操作中一直颇多争议,《侵权责任法》对这一问题的态度仍然不甚明朗,且没有相应的司法解释能起到定纷止争的作用。不仅使公平责任的性质、适用条件和范围没有明确的法条依据,更导致实践操作中缺乏统一的标准,使公平责任这一直接以“公平”构词的规则无法真正发挥其制度价值。因此有必要对这一问题进行深入探讨,以期明晰其定位、找准其适用条件和范围。同时更重要的是结合审判中的实际案例,分析公平责任在实践操作中的适用现状和特殊情况,以理论指导实践,从实践抽象出理论,从而相互促进,使公平责任的理论体系更加完整,为司法实践提供一定的借鉴。全文共分为四个部分:第一部分是公平责任的概述。笔者论述了公平责任的概念、特征和历史沿革。对其概念的准确解析可以更好的理解公平责任的内涵,通过比对,笔者认为公平责任定义的关键在于双方无过错、公平观念、适当分担损失这三个主要部分,从而给出了更为简洁的定义。并通过其与过错责任、无过错责任的比对,进一步明确公平责任概念的内涵。从概念出发,总结出公平责任之特点。并分析从其萌芽到正式确立的三个重要阶段,从而明晰其源流,把握脉络。第二部分是公平责任的定位。主要围绕公平责任是否为归责原则进行论述。公平责任在适用上的争议根源在于对其定位的争议,笔者阅读相关著作、期刊,发现很多学者仍然认为公平责任属于归责原则,从而夸大了其作用和适用范围,一定程度上侵蚀了过错责任和无过错责任原则的空间。因此笔者从学界争议出发,着重分析公平责任不属于归责原则的原因,并得出其属于损失分担规则的结论。第三部分是公平责任的适用条件和范围。首先从理论上分析公平责任的适用条件主要包括过错因素、穷尽其他责任形式、事实联系、综经济情况这四个方面。再重点结合笔者查找的大量司法案例,归纳出实践中适用公平责任的常见类型,按照客观无过错和认定无过错的分类逐一分析,每种类型均举出具体案例,有针对性的阐述其适用范围,使论述更加清晰明了。第四部分是公平责任适用中的特殊问题。笔者举出具有代表性的四个典型案例,来阐述审判中关于公平责任适用的常见误区,进一步明确公平责任在具体适用中应注意的问题,使公平责任在司法实践中更具可操作性。最后笔者认为公平责任由于其自身的性质和特点,极易导致实践中的滥用,对此应积极引入社会保障制度,打破公平责任承载过多社会和道德属性的局面。
[Abstract]:The tort law is the important content of the civil law system of our country. The principle of fault liability and the principle of no-fault liability are the important systems to solve civil disputes, but the orientation and application of fair liability. There has been a lot of controversy in theory and practice. The attitude of Tort liability Law to this issue is still unclear, and there is no corresponding judicial interpretation can play a role in settling disputes, not only make the nature of fair liability. There is no clear legal basis for the conditions and scope of application, which leads to the lack of uniform standards in practice. It is necessary to probe into this problem in order to clarify its position because the rules of "fair" formation can not really give play to its system value. At the same time, it is more important to analyze the current situation and special situation of fair responsibility in practice, guide the practice by theory, and abstract the theory from practice. In order to promote each other, make the theoretical system of fair responsibility more complete. This paper is divided into four parts: the first part is an overview of fair liability. The author discusses the concept of fair responsibility. Characteristics and historical evolution. The accurate analysis of its concept can better understand the connotation of fair responsibility. By comparison, the author believes that the key to the definition of fair responsibility lies in the concept of fairness without fault. Appropriate allocation of loss these three main parts, thus giving a more concise definition. And through its comparison with fault liability, no-fault liability, further clarify the connotation of the concept of fair liability, starting from the concept. This paper summarizes the characteristics of fair responsibility and analyzes the three important stages from its germination to formal establishment so as to clarify its origin and flow. Grasp the context. The second part is the positioning of fair liability. Mainly around whether fair liability is the principle of imputation. The dispute on the application of fair responsibility lies in the controversy of its positioning. The author read the relevant works. Journals, found that many scholars still believe that fair liability belongs to the principle of imputation, thus exaggerating its role and scope of application. To some extent, it erodes the space of the principle of fault liability and no-fault liability. Therefore, the author focuses on the analysis of the reasons why fair liability does not belong to the principle of imputation. The third part is the applicable conditions and scope of fair liability. Firstly, the theoretical analysis of the applicable conditions of fair liability mainly includes fault factors, exhausted other forms of liability. Combined with a large number of judicial cases, the author summarizes the common types of fair liability in practice. According to the objective no-fault and the classification of no-fault analysis, each type of specific cases are cited, focused on its scope of application. Part 4th is a special problem in the application of fair liability. The author cited four representative typical cases to explain the common misunderstandings about the application of fair responsibility in the trial. In order to make the fair responsibility more operable in the judicial practice, the author thinks that the fair responsibility is due to its own nature and characteristics. It is easy to lead to abuse in practice, so we should actively introduce social security system to break the situation that fair responsibility carries too many social and moral attributes.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923

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