救助他人行为的私法构造

发布时间：2018-05-13 10:38

本文选题：救助义务 + 不作为侵权　；参考：《法学》2017年09期

【摘要】：救助他人的行为源于救助义务,而救助义务可分为道德义务与法律义务,无因管理是基于道德义务,而法律义务是基于合同约定与法律规定,不履行约定的或法定的救助义务构成不作为侵权。民法与刑法对救助义务的设定目的不同。大陆法系民法中无因管理的对象不限于财产事务,还包括非财产事务,见义勇为属于无因管理范畴,适用无因管理的规定也具有实际意义。我国相关地方性法规、地方政府规章将见义勇为定义为与违法犯罪分子作斗争和抢险救灾的行为,这与正当防卫、紧急避险存在一定的重合度。正当防卫和紧急避险包括救助他人和自我救助,而《民法总则》第183条和第184条的适用情形仅限于救助他人,该第183条关于救助他人的规定与无因管理的区别在于前者包含救助者有救助义务的适用情形。《民法总则》第184条强调在紧急情况下降低对救助者注意义务的要求,因其属于不完全法条,在适用时应结合同法第176条才能构成完整的裁判规范。
[Abstract]:The act of rescuing others originates from the obligation of salvage, which can be divided into moral obligation and legal obligation. The management without cause is based on moral obligation, while the legal obligation is based on contractual agreement and legal stipulation. Failure to perform agreed or statutory salvage obligations constitutes tort of omission. The purpose of civil law and criminal law is different. The object of non-cause management in civil law of civil law in civil law is not limited to property affairs, but also includes non-property affairs. China's relevant local laws and regulations, local government regulations will be defined as the act of fighting against criminal elements and rescue, which is consistent with legitimate defense, emergency risk avoidance exists a certain degree of overlap. Self-defense and emergency avoidance include assistance to others and self-help, whereas articles 183 and 184 of the Civil Code apply only to the rescue of others, The difference between the provisions of the article 183 on the rescue of others and that of non-cause management is that the former includes the application of the rescuer's obligation to assist. Article 184 of the General provisions of the Civil Code emphasizes the reduction of the duty of care of the rescuer in case of emergency, Because it belongs to incomplete law, article 176 of contract law should be completed when applied.
【作者单位】：烟台大学法学院;
【分类号】：D923

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