论“错误出生”之侵权损害赔偿

发布时间：2018-05-29 06:57

本文选题：错误出生 + 错误生命　；参考：《吉林大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：“错误出生”之诉是指提供产检等相关服务的医疗机构及其医务人员未尽其高度注意义务,没有检查或诊断出胎儿的缺陷或未尽如实告知等法定义务,致使父母误以为胎儿健康而将其生下后,自己作为原告或所生缺陷儿作为原告向医疗机构请求损害赔偿的诉讼。近些年,此类案件在我国时有发生,因法律缺乏明确规定,常出现审理标准不一致、审判结果不统一等现象,其争议主要体现在侵权损害赔偿的责任构成、请求权主体以及损害赔偿的范围等方面。“错误出生”之侵权损害赔偿责任的成立同样需满足侵权法上一般侵权责任构成的四要件。在“错误出生”案件中,因医务人员违反法定义务的不作为行为体现了违法性,该违法行为侵害了父母的生育知情选择权,使其丧失终止妊娠的机会以致带来了财产利益与非财产利益的损失,二者之间可谓具有相当因果关系。同时,一般医疗侵权案件的归责原则是过错责任原则,故在“错误出生”之侵权损害赔偿责任下,也要考察其过错,即要结合当时的医疗水平来判定其是否违反了高度注意义务。当上述各要件完全满足时,即构成“错误出生”之侵权损害赔偿责任。在“错误出生”案件中,谁得向医疗机构请求侵权损害赔偿,仍颇有争议。目前,大部分地区及国家均肯定父母的适格请求权主体地位:一方面,无论是基于侵权还是基于违约,母亲均是适格的请求权主体;另一方面,同样作为生育知情选择权的享有者的父亲,也可就其权利受损的事实提起侵权之诉。分歧主要体现在孩子可否作为请求权主体的问题上。孩子虽然可就其在胎儿期间所遭受的人身利益损害有所主张,但在此类案件中,对孩子而言,其未遭受到任何损害,而且孩子作为损害赔偿金的直接利益承受者,不承认其请求权也并不违背公平正义。故孩子不是适格的请求权主体。父母可就哪些费用提出请求,即损害赔偿范围的问题,亦存在多种审判结果。根据责任承担的因果关系理论,应予赔偿的财产性损害包括母亲的医疗费用、缺陷儿的抚养费用,包括一般抚养费与特殊抚养费。对于比较特殊的残疾赔偿金,则因孩子的残疾是先天性的,非过失医疗行为所致,而不予赔偿。同时,缺陷儿的出生非为父母所期待,其“错误”出生定会给父母带来心灵的打击,在侵犯父母生育知情选择权这一人身权益下,精神痛苦可谓达到严重程度,故当事人亦可请求精神损害赔偿。但在具体个案中,还应结合具体案情及原因力等规则,公平合理地对侵权损害赔偿的责任范围加以确定及限制。
[Abstract]:"false birth" complaint refers to the legal obligation of medical institutions and their medical personnel who provide services related to birth inspection and other services to fail to fulfill their high duty of care, to examine or diagnose the defects of the fetus or to inform them truthfully. Cause the parents to mistake the fetus for health and give birth to it, as a plaintiff or a defective child as a plaintiff to claim damages to a medical institution. In recent years, such cases occur from time to time in our country, due to the lack of clear provisions of the law, the trial standards are often inconsistent, the trial results are not uniform and so on. The dispute is mainly reflected in the liability structure of tort damages. The subject of claim and the scope of damages. The establishment of tort damages liability of "wrong birth" also needs to satisfy the four elements of general tort liability in tort law. In the case of "wrong birth", the omission of medical personnel in violation of their legal obligations reflects the illegality, which infringes on the parents' informed choice of birth. The loss of the chance of termination of pregnancy leads to the loss of both property and non-property interests, which has a considerable causal relationship. At the same time, the principle of imputation in general medical tort cases is the principle of fault liability. That is to consider the level of medical care at that time to determine whether it violated the high duty of care. When the above-mentioned requirements are fully satisfied, the liability for tort damages is constituted by "wrong birth". In the case of false birth, it is still controversial who should seek damages for infringement from medical institutions. At present, most regions and countries affirm the status of parents' right to claim: on the one hand, whether based on infringement or breach of contract, mother is the subject of eligible claim; on the other hand, The father, who is also the holder of informed reproductive choice, may sue for infringement of the fact that his rights are impaired. The difference is mainly reflected in whether the child can be the subject of claim. Although the child may claim harm to his personal interests during his or her foetal period, in such cases no harm has been suffered to the child, and the child is the direct beneficiary of the damages, Not recognizing its right of claim is not contrary to fairness and justice. Therefore, the child is not the subject of appropriate claim. The question of what costs parents may request, i.e. the scope of damages, has been subject to multiple trial outcomes. According to the theory of causality of liability, compensation for property damage includes medical expenses of mother, maintenance of defective children, including general alimony and special maintenance. For special disability compensation, due to the child's disability is congenital, non-negligent medical behavior, and not compensation. At the same time, the birth of a defective child is not expected by the parents, and its "wrong" birth will certainly bring a blow to the heart of the parents. In violation of the personal rights and interests of the parents' informed choice of birth, the mental pain can be said to have reached a serious degree. Therefore, the party concerned may also claim compensation for moral damage. However, in specific cases, the scope of liability for tort damages should be determined and limited in a fair and reasonable way, combining with the rules of specific circumstances and reasons.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D923

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