我国植物新品种权的司法保护问题研究

发布时间：2018-06-13 00:32

本文选题：植物新品种 + 植物新品种权　；参考：《安徽财经大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：植物品种作为农业发展的重要生产资料,在人们的生活中扮演着及其重要的角色,培育优良的植物品种也成为推动我国农业发展、提高核心竞争力的重要环节。育种者花费多年心血培育出了优质的作物品种,同时该作物品种必须符合一致性、新颖性以及特异性的要求才能被法律所保护。植物新品种权作为农业领域的一项重要知识产权,它是对育种者智力创新活动的一种鼓励和认可。近年来,随着优良作物品种市场占有率的增加,侵犯植物新品种权的行为逐年增多,尤其针对玉米、小麦等大田作物,情况也变得越来越复杂,不再仅仅是对未授权的植物品种进行生产及销售行为,也伴随着侵犯植物品种名称标识权以及假冒授权植物品种等行为。我国对植物新品种的法律保护起步较晚,法律规范也尚不完善,《植物新品种保护条例》是目前对植物新品种权保护效力最高的一项专门法规。随着农业科技的飞速发展,相关的法规很难适应现在种业的新形势和新要求,导致法官在审理相关案件时无所适从,尤其针对植物新品种权保护范围的界定以及先用权和权利用尽原则的适用。由于法律尚没有明确的规定,一般都是凭着审判的经验或者其他知识产权法的规定进行审理,致使各地法院针对一样的案情可能会做出不一样的判决结果。《植物新品种保护条例》的规定与专利法和刑法之间也缺乏有效的衔接,法院无法直接适用相关的规定追究侵权人的责任。为此,本文建议应当细化相关法律的规定,具体包括扩大植物新品种权的适用范围、引入先用权和权利用尽制度等方面,协调与其他法规之间的关系,给予司法审判更完善、更系统的法律支持。另一方面,由于植物品种的特殊性,鉴定受保护品种与侵权品种之间是否具有一致性成为判定是否构成侵权的重要环节。目前司法鉴定体系缺乏统一的标准和专业的鉴定机构,而且植物品种鉴定方法的自身局限性也增加了审判的难度,为此完善植物新品种侵权的司法鉴定系统显得日益重要。同时侵犯植物新品种权纠纷属于民事案件,必须由权利人向法庭提交相关证据。由于侵权地点隐蔽性以及易受季节性影响的特点,权利人要证明侵权人的主观心理状态以及因侵权造成的损失很难实现,往往造成赔偿的数额过低,不能切实维护品种权的利益。为此,对于屡见不鲜的侵权行为应当加大惩罚力度,明确损害赔偿数额的具体计算方法,采用过错推定的原则以便将举证责任合理分配给有能力提供证据一方。同时,对于严重侵犯植物品种权的行为建立有效的惩罚性损害赔偿金机制,以加大对品种权人的保护力度。
[Abstract]:Plant varieties, as an important means of production in the development of agriculture, play an important role in people's lives, and the cultivation of good plant varieties has become an important link to promote the agricultural development and improve the core competitiveness of our country. Breeders have spent years developing high-quality crop varieties that must meet the requirements of consistency novelty and specificity before they can be protected by law. As an important intellectual property in the field of agriculture, the new plant variety right is a kind of encouragement and recognition to the breeders' intellectual innovation activities. In recent years, with the increase of market share of fine crop varieties, the behavior of infringing new plant variety rights has increased year by year, especially for field crops such as corn, wheat, etc., and the situation has become more and more complicated. It is not only the production and sale of unauthorised plant varieties, but also the infringement of the right to identify plant varieties and the impersonation of authorized plant varieties. The legal protection of new plant varieties in China started late and the legal norms are not perfect. The regulations on the Protection of New Plant varieties is the most effective special regulation for the protection of new plant varieties at present. With the rapid development of agricultural science and technology, it is very difficult for the relevant laws and regulations to adapt to the new situation and new requirements of the current seed industry. As a result, the judges are at a loss when trying relevant cases. Especially the definition of the scope of protection of new plant variety rights and the application of the principle of prior use and exhaustion of rights. As there are no clear provisions in the law, trials are generally conducted on the basis of trial experience or the provisions of other intellectual property laws. As a result, local courts may make different decisions on the same case. There is also a lack of effective linkage between the provisions of the regulations on the Protection of New Plant varieties and the Patent Law and the Criminal Law. The court cannot directly apply the relevant provisions to investigate the liability of the infringer. Therefore, this paper suggests that the provisions of relevant laws should be refined, including the expansion of the scope of application of new plant variety rights, the introduction of the system of prior use and exhaustion of rights, the coordination of the relationship with other laws and regulations, and the improvement of the administration of justice. More systematic legal support. On the other hand, because of the particularity of plant varieties, the identification of the consistency between protected varieties and infringing varieties becomes an important link in determining whether the infringement constitutes infringement. At present, the system of judicial identification is lack of uniform standard and professional appraisal institution, and the limitation of the method of plant variety identification also increases the difficulty of trial. Therefore, it is increasingly important to perfect the judicial identification system of new plant variety infringement. At the same time, the infringement of new plant variety rights is a civil case, which must be submitted by the obligee to the court. Due to the concealment of the infringing place and the characteristic of being susceptible to seasonal influence, it is difficult for the obligee to prove the subjective psychological state of the infringer and the loss caused by the infringement, which often results in the amount of compensation being too low. The interests of variety rights cannot be effectively safeguarded. Therefore, we should strengthen punishment for the common tort, make clear the concrete calculation method of the amount of damage compensation, adopt the principle of presumption of fault in order to reasonably distribute the burden of proof to the party who can provide evidence. At the same time, to establish an effective punitive damages mechanism for serious violations of plant variety rights, in order to increase the protection of the variety rights.
【学位授予单位】：安徽财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923.4

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