商标俗称法律保护的路径研究

发布时间：2018-06-13 00:51

本文选题：商标俗称 + 商标法　；参考：《华东政法大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：商标俗称是指社会公众对于某一商标通俗的称呼。这种俗称通常都是社会公众为了方便记忆等原因所形成的,商标权人自己并不会使用这些俗称。在现实生活中,这种俗称很多,例如“C字型蔓藤花”商标被称为“巴黎之花”,“Land Rover”的正式译文是“路华”,但公众习惯将其称为“陆虎”。这些俗称的存在本身不会对商标权人的利益造成影响,反而在一定程度上会帮助商标权人宣传自己的商标,获得更大的商业价值。但正是因为这点,这些俗称被一些不法商家利用,向商标局申请注册这些商标俗称。在司法实践中,针对此类争议,法院通常的态度为判决第三人因“申请在先”而胜诉。但是,这种做法势必会导致两种不公平现象的产生:其一为第三人利用了该商标俗称与原商标权人商品之间的确定联系,利用了原商标权人在商品上所累积的商誉搭了便车;其二为使消费者对商品来源产生了混淆,扰乱了正常的市场秩序。于是,是一味地保护“申请在先”原则,还是在适当时候保护商标俗称与原商品之间的联系,这个问题在学术界展开了激烈的讨论。而且,即使是都主张保护商标俗称与原商品之间联系的学者,在保护路径的选择上也各有不同。为能更好地解决此类问题,保护正当的竞争和公平的市场秩序,探讨商标俗称法律保护的问题就显得十分必要了。在结构上本文共分成三个章节:第一章,问题的提出。本章主要分成三个部分。第一部分主要介绍商标俗称的定义、类型和基本特征,对于一个非法学概念进行界定。在此部分,为了能更明确具体地探讨俗称的保护,笔者根据商标俗称知名度的不同将俗称分成了3类,分别为驰名的俗称、有一定影响的俗称和普通的俗称。第二部分介绍了现如今商标俗称法律保护在我国的司法实践。商标俗称的保护问题是典型的从司法实践扩展至理论界的问题,所以笔者将最近几年发生的案件进行了梳理,厘清现如今我国对商标俗称的保护现状。虽然司法实践中普遍保护第三人“申请在先”,但抢注商标俗称的行为造成了消费者对商品来源的混淆,扰乱了正常的市场秩序,一味地保护在先申请人的利益也是不公平的。所以在某些情形下,禁止在先申请人注册并使用商标俗称也是必须的。第三部分笔者从商标俗称的使用者、保护路径等角度出发,探讨理论界对商标俗称保护路径选择上存在的争议。在保护路径上大致有商标法和反不正当竞争法两种路径的区分。正是由于学术界对此问题上存在争议,才使得本文的研究显得具有实用价值和意义,也由此引出本文的写作重点。通过本章的分析,得出的基本结论是:商标俗称与被指向商品产生了唯一确定的联系。虽然第三人“申请在先”,但商标俗称与原商标权人商品之间存在的联系,以及消费者对该联系的认可,如果为了第三人一己之益,势必损害大多数人。所以,有必要保护商标俗称不被第三人申请注册和使用。但是根据笔者对商标俗称的分类,每种类型的俗称所对应的具体保护方案应该是不同的,不可一概而论。于是,最终可以得出,保护是必须的,但采取何种保护方案尚待进一步论证。第二章,商标俗称法律保护的路径研究。理论界对于商标俗称保护路径大多从商标法出发进行探讨。此章主要有三部分组成,第一部分论述了对于未注册的商标俗称,依据商标法保护虽然在某些情形下是可行的,但在多数情形下,依据商标法保护存在障碍,具体原因如下:第一,我国商标法采取注册取得制度,未经注册的商标俗称并不能产生商标权。第二,社会公众使用并不等同于商标法意义上的使用,援引在先使用进行保护也不具有可行性。第三,一些学者企图用未注册驰名商标和“其他不良影响”来主张权利,但也由于存在制度上或理解上的偏差而失去依据。所以,对于这些类型的俗称,笔者认为不应该依据商标法获得保护。第二部分,鉴于商标法与反不正当竞争法之间的特殊关系,在无法主张商标权时,可以为不受商标法保护的商标提供补充保护;而且从反不正当竞争法的立法目的看来,第三人申请注册商标俗称的行为损害了消费者福利,为不正当竞争行为。依据我国反不正当竞争法的规定,该行为应属仿冒行为,需要受到反不正当竞争法的规制。故这些类型的俗称保护的路径为反不正当竞争法。第三部分是商标俗称反不正当竞争法路径选择上的域外考察。先从美国商标俗称法律保护的司法实践入手。美国在上世纪初就出现了第三人申请注册商标俗称的行为,随着判例的不断增多,美国在保护商标俗称上也有自己独特的思路,值得我们借鉴,也通过对美国保护商标俗称司法实践的分析,使得选择反不正当竞争法保护商标俗称更具说服力。之后,笔者还借鉴了德国新反不正当竞争法的某些规定,试图能提出更合理的商标俗称保护思路。在德国2008年新修订的反不正竞争法中,被模仿产品的生产者对可避免的来源欺骗有不作为请求权和损害赔偿请求权。德国学者也指出,来源欺骗事实上对消费者利益也会造成一定程度的损害,倘若被模仿产品的生产者出于种种原因没有行使请求权的话,消费者的利益将得不到保护,为此应该给予消费者对来源欺骗享有请求权。通过本章的分析,笔者得出的基本结论是:由于商标俗称没有注册,虽然在商标俗称与原商标相近似的情形下可以依据商标法保护,但在多数情形下商标俗称若利用商标法保护存在障碍,而利用反不正当竞争法保护则具有可行性。第三章,商标俗称反不正当竞争法保护的具体方案。商标俗称依据反不正当竞争法保护是可行的,但保护的具体方案还需进一步论证。所以本章分成两部分,分别论述了对于未注册的驰名商标俗称、未注册的有一定影响的商标俗称如果依据知名商品特有名称进行保护需要具备的构成要件,其余类型的俗称依据反不正当竞争法一般条款进行保护需要满足的前提。通过本文的论述,商标俗称的保护应该遵循以下思路:对于未注册的驰名商标俗称、有一定影响的商标俗称,可以依据知名商品的特有名称进行保护;对于普通商标俗称,如果其能够满足一般条款的适用条件,则依据反不正当竞争法一般条款获得救济;反之,不予保护。
[Abstract]:Trademark is commonly referred to as the popular name of the public for a trademark. This common term is usually formed by the public for the convenience of memory and other reasons. The trademark owners themselves do not use these vulgar names. In real life, such a popular name is called "Perrier Jouet", "Land Rover", "Land Rover". The official translation is "Lu Hua", but the public is used to call it the "land tiger". These commonly known existence itself will not affect the interests of the trademark owners, but to some extent help the trademark owners to publicize their own trademarks and gain greater commercial value. Apply to the Trademark Office to register these trademarks. In judicial practice, in response to such disputes, the court usually wins the case for the judgment of third people because of the "first application". However, this practice will inevitably lead to the emergence of two injustice: one of the third people used the trademark to be commonly known as the goods of the original trademark owner. It makes use of the goodwill accumulated by the original trademark owner in the commodity, and the second is to make the consumer confuse the source of the goods and disturb the normal market order. Therefore, it is to protect the "first application" principle, or to protect the link between the common name and the original commodity at the appropriate time. There is a heated discussion in the field. Moreover, even the scholars who advocate the protection of the trade between the trademark and the original commodity are different in the choice of the protection path. It is very necessary to discuss the problem of this kind, to protect the legitimate competition and the fair market order, and to discuss the problem of the legal protection of the trademark. This article is divided into three chapters: the first chapter, the question is put forward. This chapter is divided into three parts. The first part mainly introduces the definition, type and basic characteristics of the common name of the trademark, and defines the concept of an illegal learning. In this part, in order to be more specific and concrete to discuss the common name of protection, the author is commonly known as the brand name. Different popular names are divided into 3 types, which are well-known commonly known as common name, common name and common name which have certain influence. The second part introduces the judicial practice of the trademark commonly known as legal protection in our country. The protection problem of trademark common name is a typical problem extending from judicial practice to the theoretical circle, so the author will take case in recent years. The present situation of the protection of the common name of the trademark is clarified in our country. Although the judicial practice generally protects the third people "applying for the first place", the behavior of snatch the common name of the trademark has caused the confusion of the consumer to the source of the goods, disrupted the normal market order, and it is unfair to protect the interests of the first applicant. In some cases, it is also necessary to prohibit the registration of the first applicant and use the common name of the trademark. In the third part, the author, from the angle of the trademark commonly known as the user and the protection path, discusses the dispute between the theoretical circle and the two ways of the Trademark Law and the Anti Unfair Competition Law on the protection path. It is due to the dispute in the academic circle that the study of this article is of practical value and significance, and thus leads to the focus of this article. The basic conclusion of this chapter is that the common name of the trademark has the only definite connection with the directed commodity. Although the third people "apply first", The relationship between the common name of the trademark and the commodity of the original trademark owner and the approval of the consumer on this connection will damage most people for the benefit of the third people. Therefore, it is necessary to protect the trademark not to be registered and used by the third people. But according to the author's classification of the common name of the trademark, the common name for each type is corresponding to the name. The specific protection scheme should be different and not generalise. So, it can be concluded that the protection is necessary, but what protection scheme should be further demonstrated. The second chapter, the trademark commonly known as the path of legal protection. The theoretical circle of trademark commonly known as the path of protection from the trademark law. This chapter is mainly three. Part one, the first part expounds that the trademark law protection is practicable in some cases, although the trademark law is feasible in some cases, but in most cases, the protection of the obstacles exists according to the trademark law. The specific reasons are as follows: first, the Trademark Law of our country is registered to obtain the degree of registration, and the trademark is not produced by the unregistered trademark. Second, the public use of the public is not equal to the use of trademark law, and it is not feasible to invoke the prior use of protection. Third, some scholars attempt to claim rights with unregistered well-known trademarks and "other adverse effects", but they also lose the basis for the deviation in institutional or theoretical solutions. In the second part, in view of the special relationship between the trademark law and the anti unfair competition law, the author can provide a supplementary protection for the trademark that is not protected by the trademark law when the trademark law is unable to stand for the trademark law. And, in the view of the legislative purpose of the anti unfair competition law, third applicants are applied to the Registrar. According to the regulations of Anti Unfair Competition Law of China, the behavior should be imitated by anti unfair competition law according to the law of anti unfair competition in our country. Therefore, the common way of these types of protection is anti unfair competition law. The third part is the trademark commonly known as anti unfair competition law. Beginning with the judicial practice of the American trademark, which is commonly known as the legal protection of the legal protection. In the beginning of the last century, the United States appeared third people to apply for the common name of the registered trademark. With the increasing number of cases, the United States has its own unique ideas on the common name for the protection of trademarks, which is worth our reference and through the protection of the United States trademark. It is commonly known as the analysis of judicial practice, making it more convincing to choose the anti unfair competition law to protect the trademark. After that, the author also draws on some provisions of the new German anti unfair competition law and tries to put forward a more reasonable idea of trademark protection. In the newly revised anti unfair competition law in Germany in 2008, the producers of imitated products have been able to do so. The avoidable source deception has the right of inaction and the claim for damages. The German scholar also points out that the source deception actually causes a certain degree of damage to the interests of the consumer. If the producers of the imitated product do not exercise the claim for a variety of reasons, the interests of the consumers will not be protected and should be given to them. According to the analysis of this chapter, the author draws the basic conclusion that, as the trademark is commonly known as no registration, although the trademark is commonly known as the original trademark in the case that the trademark law can be protected according to the trademark law, but in most cases, the trademark is commonly known as the trademark law to protect the existence of obstacles, and the use of anti unfair. The protection of competition law is feasible. In the third chapter, the trademark is commonly known as the concrete scheme of the protection of anti unfair competition law. The trademark is commonly known as the protection of the anti unfair competition law, but the concrete scheme of the protection needs to be further demonstrated. So this chapter is divided into two parts. The trademark commonly known as the trademark of a well-known commodity needs to be protected in accordance with the specific name of the well-known commodity, and the other types are commonly known as the premise that the protection needs to be met according to the general provisions of the anti unfair competition law. It is said that a trademark that has a certain influence is commonly said to be protected on the basis of the special name of a well-known commodity; for the common trademark, if it can meet the applicable conditions of the general terms, the general terms of the anti unfair competition law can be remedied, and conversely, it is not protected.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923.43

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