论《侵权责任法》第十二条在机动车交通事故案件的适用
发布时间：2018-07-24 12:31
【摘要】：《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》第12条在理论上具有很好的研究价值，它代表着无意思联络数人侵权的一个里程碑，无论是在数人侵权的行为模式上，还是在对数人侵权责任的责任分担上，它都有其“特立独行”的一面。它作为《侵权责任法》总则中数人侵权系列法条的压轴法条，与第8条、第9条、第10条、第11条一并构成了完整的数人侵权逻辑体系，这个体系体现了立法者的用心，凝聚着立法者对数人侵权理论研究的结晶，是理论界学者与实务界法官共同打造的符合当下数人侵权案件需要的黄金法条组合。作为成员之一的第12条，它是唯一一个承载着“按份责任”的法条，也正是由于“按份责任”这一责任承担方式，使得第12条的“分别实施”有着可以扩大或限缩解释的理论价值，也使得第12条的“承担相应的责任”和“平均承担赔偿责任”有了理论探讨的余地。 机动车交通事故责任纠纷这一类型的案件，在整个侵权责任纠纷这一大案由项下，其案件数量占据着绝对的优势地位。与之相关的《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》、《最高人民法院关于审理道路交通事故损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》、《最高人民法院关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》等法律法规司法解释，也与《侵权责任法》结合在一起，在判决中扮演着关键的角色。最高人民法院研究室的统计资料表明了全国法院审理道路交通安全案件呈逐年增长的趋势。在机动车交通事故民事案件中，从重庆市第一中级人民法院民一庭课题组的调研资料以及北大法宝司法案例库中的案例统计资料可以看出，两车相撞致第三人（包含乘客或车外人）受损的类似案件比比皆是。在对这类案件的法律适用上，理论界和实务界出现了诸多争议，有的人认为侵权行为人应承担连带责任，有的人认为侵权行为人应当承担按份责任，众说纷纭。 当机动车交通事故遇上《侵权责任法》第12条的时候，数人侵权领域的诸多问题可以通过一个又一个的典型案例浮现出来。把《侵权责任法》第12条适用的案件类型做以限缩，将其限制在机动车交通事故责任纠纷领域后，再通过对《侵权责任法》第12条的分段拆解，将其拆解成“二人以上”、“分别实施”、“同一损害”和“责任分担”四个方面，对应着机动车交通事故案件中的行为主体、行为模式类型、损害结果的表现形式和责任分担四个方面，对其分别具体分析后可以得出相应的结论。对“二人以上”的理解，主要通过法律适用的方法得出了二人以上仅指侵权行为人的结论；对“分别实施”的论述，主要采取案例列举法。此时，无意思联络的数人侵权在行为模式上将会呈现出类型化的特征。这种类型化的交通事故案件有助于回答数人侵权中的几个热点问题，如在侵权行为人的主观过错方面，共同过失和过失的共同它们之间存在的合理性与否、它们之间的区别和适用条件等等；在侵权行为人的行为模式方面，直接结合和间接结合、共同实施与分别实施它们二者的联系与区别等等。在对“同一损害”的论证中，通过列举典型案例和特殊案例，，进一步说明同一损害的一般情况和特殊情况；在“责任分担”方面，从不同的角度衡量“过错”、“原因力”、“合理的可预见能力”等等责任分担的考量因素的地位和作用，以及它们在机动车交通事故案件中的适用顺序。 综观以上各种要素，可以运用思维导图的方式，从四个方面一步步限缩法条的适用范围，用案件类型化方法和法条排除法总结《侵权责任法》第12条在机动车交通事故案件中的适用流程。
[Abstract]:The twelfth article of the tort liability law of the People's Republic of China has a good research value in theory. It represents a milestone in the infringement of the number of uninteresting liaison persons. It has its "unique" side, whether it is in the mode of infringement of the number of persons or the share of responsibility for the tort liability of the logarithm. It is a tort liability. In the general rule, the pressure axis of the series of tort Series in the general rule and the eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh constitute a complete logic system for the infringement of the number of persons. This system embodies the intention of the legislator and condenses the crystallization of the theoretical study of the lawmakers' tort theory, which is conformed to the present number of the judges of the theorists and the practice community. As one of the twelfth members of a person's tort, it is the only one that bears the law of "according to responsibility". It is also due to the responsibility of "according to responsibility", which makes the "separate implementation" of the twelfth articles can expand or limit the interpretation of the theoretical value, and also make the Twelfth "bear". The corresponding responsibilities and "average liability for compensation" have theoretical leeway.
In the case of the liability dispute of vehicle traffic accidents, the number of cases occupies an absolute dominant position in the case of the whole tort liability dispute. Related to the law of road traffic safety in People's Republic of China, the Supreme People's Court on the application of law on the trial of road traffic accident damages cases The interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on the application of laws to the application of laws on personal injury compensation cases, and other legal and legal interpretations, which are combined with the tort liability law, play a key role in the judgment. The statistics of the research room of the Supreme People's court show that the national court trial of road traffic safety is shown. In the civil case of vehicle traffic accidents, from the survey data of the Chongqing first intermediate people's Court of the people's court and the case statistics of the North French treasure judicial case library, it can be seen that the two vehicles colliding with third people (including passengers or outsiders) are everywhere. The legal application of such cases, there are a lot of disputes in the theoretical and practical circles. Some people think that the infringer should bear joint and several liability, some people think that the infringer should take the responsibility and have different opinions.
When the vehicle traffic accident meets the twelfth article of the tort liability law, a number of problems in the field of infringement may emerge through one of the typical cases. The "tort liability law" of the twelfth applicable cases will be limited to limit it to the field of motor vehicle accident liability disputes, and then through the liability for the tort liability. The subsection and dismantling of the twelfth articles will be dismantled into "more than two persons", "separate implementation", "the same damage" and "responsibility sharing" in four aspects, which correspond to the behavior subject, the type of behavior pattern, the form of the damage result and the sharing of responsibility in four aspects of the vehicle traffic accident cases, and can be obtained after the specific analysis of the cases. According to the corresponding conclusion, the understanding of "more than two people" is mainly through the applicable law of law to draw the conclusion that more than two persons only refer to the infringer; and the case enumerating method is mainly adopted in the discussion of "separate implementation". At this time, the number of persons who have no meaning contact will be typed in the behavior pattern. The case of traffic accident helps to answer several hot issues in the torts, such as the subjective fault of the infringer, the reasonableness of the common fault and fault, the difference between them and the applicable conditions, and so on, and the direct combination and indirect combination of the behavior pattern of the infringer, In the demonstration of the "same damage", by enumerating typical cases and special cases, the general situation and special circumstances of the same damage are further illustrated in the demonstration of the "same damage". In the aspect of "responsibility sharing", the "fault", "cause force" and "reasonable" can be measured from different angles. Predictability "and so on, the status and role of responsibility sharing factors, as well as their application sequence in motor vehicle traffic accident cases.
In view of all the above elements, we can use the way of thinking map, from four aspects to limit the applicable scope of the law, and to sum up the application process of the twelfth articles in the vehicle traffic accident cases by the type of case and the rule of law exclusion.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923
本文编号：2141392
[Abstract]:The twelfth article of the tort liability law of the People's Republic of China has a good research value in theory. It represents a milestone in the infringement of the number of uninteresting liaison persons. It has its "unique" side, whether it is in the mode of infringement of the number of persons or the share of responsibility for the tort liability of the logarithm. It is a tort liability. In the general rule, the pressure axis of the series of tort Series in the general rule and the eighth, ninth, tenth and eleventh constitute a complete logic system for the infringement of the number of persons. This system embodies the intention of the legislator and condenses the crystallization of the theoretical study of the lawmakers' tort theory, which is conformed to the present number of the judges of the theorists and the practice community. As one of the twelfth members of a person's tort, it is the only one that bears the law of "according to responsibility". It is also due to the responsibility of "according to responsibility", which makes the "separate implementation" of the twelfth articles can expand or limit the interpretation of the theoretical value, and also make the Twelfth "bear". The corresponding responsibilities and "average liability for compensation" have theoretical leeway.
In the case of the liability dispute of vehicle traffic accidents, the number of cases occupies an absolute dominant position in the case of the whole tort liability dispute. Related to the law of road traffic safety in People's Republic of China, the Supreme People's Court on the application of law on the trial of road traffic accident damages cases The interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on the application of laws to the application of laws on personal injury compensation cases, and other legal and legal interpretations, which are combined with the tort liability law, play a key role in the judgment. The statistics of the research room of the Supreme People's court show that the national court trial of road traffic safety is shown. In the civil case of vehicle traffic accidents, from the survey data of the Chongqing first intermediate people's Court of the people's court and the case statistics of the North French treasure judicial case library, it can be seen that the two vehicles colliding with third people (including passengers or outsiders) are everywhere. The legal application of such cases, there are a lot of disputes in the theoretical and practical circles. Some people think that the infringer should bear joint and several liability, some people think that the infringer should take the responsibility and have different opinions.
When the vehicle traffic accident meets the twelfth article of the tort liability law, a number of problems in the field of infringement may emerge through one of the typical cases. The "tort liability law" of the twelfth applicable cases will be limited to limit it to the field of motor vehicle accident liability disputes, and then through the liability for the tort liability. The subsection and dismantling of the twelfth articles will be dismantled into "more than two persons", "separate implementation", "the same damage" and "responsibility sharing" in four aspects, which correspond to the behavior subject, the type of behavior pattern, the form of the damage result and the sharing of responsibility in four aspects of the vehicle traffic accident cases, and can be obtained after the specific analysis of the cases. According to the corresponding conclusion, the understanding of "more than two people" is mainly through the applicable law of law to draw the conclusion that more than two persons only refer to the infringer; and the case enumerating method is mainly adopted in the discussion of "separate implementation". At this time, the number of persons who have no meaning contact will be typed in the behavior pattern. The case of traffic accident helps to answer several hot issues in the torts, such as the subjective fault of the infringer, the reasonableness of the common fault and fault, the difference between them and the applicable conditions, and so on, and the direct combination and indirect combination of the behavior pattern of the infringer, In the demonstration of the "same damage", by enumerating typical cases and special cases, the general situation and special circumstances of the same damage are further illustrated in the demonstration of the "same damage". In the aspect of "responsibility sharing", the "fault", "cause force" and "reasonable" can be measured from different angles. Predictability "and so on, the status and role of responsibility sharing factors, as well as their application sequence in motor vehicle traffic accident cases.
In view of all the above elements, we can use the way of thinking map, from four aspects to limit the applicable scope of the law, and to sum up the application process of the twelfth articles in the vehicle traffic accident cases by the type of case and the rule of law exclusion.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D923
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