日本特留份制度对我国的启示

发布时间：2018-09-19 18:57

【摘要】：《中华人民共和国继承法》(以下简称《继承法》)当中以必继份制度规定的设定保护了一定范围法定继承人的利益。必继份制度对遗嘱人的遗嘱自由做出了一定的限制,要求其在订立遗嘱时必须为法律所规定的丧失劳动能力并且没有生活来源的法定继承人保留一部分财产,出于保护弱者的目的给予这部分法定继承人一定的保护。同时,在涉及胎儿的情形下,也还需要为胎儿保留一定数额的财产,对胎儿的利益进行保护。必继份制度在司法实践中起到了一定的作用,但是随着我国司法实践中发生的继承案件变得越来越复杂,频频出现类似遗嘱人通过遗赠的方式将财产赠与给照顾自己的家政人员,或者与其有婚姻外不正当两性关系的第三人的现象逐渐增多,我国的必继份制度在司法实务中已经无法良好地解决现存的各种继承纠纷。反观日本,其对于法定继承人利益的保护制度则更为完善,日本在其《日本民法典》当中规定了特留份制度,规定遗嘱人需要为特定的法定继承人保留一定的财产,一旦未保留或保留的数额不足,特留份权利人就可以申请对遗产扣减相应的份额,以维护自身的权益。但是由于日本的特留份制度制定年限较早,在实际应用中也遇到了各种困境,本文将结合日本特留份制度的一些理论与实践现状,分析我国现阶段建立特留份制度的必要性,并提出相应的建议。本文共分为四个章节。第一章是文章的绪论部分,将主要通过实践中的司法案例引出本文研究的主要问题,同时将会介绍特留份制度现阶段在我国和日本的研究现状。第二章是特留份制度的概述部分。在这一部分,本文将主要对日本特留份制度的一些基础性内容进行介绍。本文将对特留份制度的概念进行较为细致的分析,同时,还将通过特留份制度与必继份制度的比较分析必留份制度与我国司法实践的不适应性,强调特留份制度在我国建立的必要性。第三章将对日本特留份制度现阶段存在的成绩以及不足进行介绍。首先,本文将介绍《日本民法典》中对于日本特留份制度的一些具体立法规定,可以在了解日本制度的同时,确定本文研究内容的法律依据。其次,本文将结合日本司法实务中的一些案例对日本特留份制度的实践现状进行分析和总结,在承认其成绩的同时,也将对其权利性质界定模糊,股权分配问题以及与法定继承和遗嘱继承的调和等问题进行介绍。第四章是对特留份制度建设的一些建议。本文将结合日本特留份制度带给我们的启示,提出对我国制度构建的建议。由于我国现阶段并不存在特留份制度,因此本文将从特留份制度的建设体例,特留份权利主体,特留份权利数额确定,特留份权利人的救济等几个方面对特留份制度的建设提出建议。在论证的过程中,本文也将对比分析日本的一些法律建设现状,以更好的寻找适合我国制度建设的途径。
[Abstract]:The inheritance Law of the people's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the inheritance Law) protects the interests of legal heirs in a certain range by the provisions of the mandatory succession system. The mandatory system restricted the testator's freedom of will and required him to retain a portion of his property for the legally incapacitated and incapacitated heir at the time of making a will. This part of the legal heirs is given some protection for the protection of the weak. At the same time, in the case of fetus, we also need to preserve a certain amount of property for the fetus to protect the interests of the fetus. The mandatory share system has played a certain role in judicial practice, but with the occurrence of inheritance cases in judicial practice in our country has become more and more complex, Frequently, the phenomenon of testator giving property to domestic workers who take care of themselves through bequests, or the phenomenon of a third person with whom he has an improper sexual relationship outside of marriage has gradually increased. In the judicial practice, the system of succession has not been able to resolve all kinds of inheritance disputes. On the other hand, in Japan, its system of protecting the interests of legal successors is more perfect. In Japan's Civil Code of Japan, a special retention system is stipulated, and the testator is required to reserve certain property for a specific legal heir. Once the amount is not reserved or the amount reserved is insufficient, the holder may apply for a corresponding share of the deduction of the estate in order to protect his own rights and interests. However, due to the early establishment of the special retention system in Japan and the difficulties encountered in its practical application, this paper will analyze the necessity of establishing the special retention system in our country at the present stage, in the light of some theories and practical situations of the special retention system in Japan. And put forward the corresponding suggestions. This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is the introduction of the article, mainly through the practice of judicial cases to lead to the main problems of this study, and will introduce the current situation of the study of the retention system in China and Japan. The second chapter is an overview of the retention system. In this part, this paper will mainly introduce some basic contents of Japanese special reservation system. This article will carry on the detailed analysis to the special retention system concept, at the same time, will also through the special retention system and the necessary share system comparison analysis must retain the share system and our country judicial practice inadaptability. It emphasizes the necessity of establishing the special retention system in our country. The third chapter will introduce the achievements and shortcomings of Japan's special reservation system at the present stage. First of all, this paper will introduce some specific legislative provisions of the Japanese Civil Code on the special share system in Japan, which can determine the legal basis of the content of this study while we understand the Japanese system. Secondly, this paper will analyze and summarize the practice status of Japanese special share system in combination with some cases in Japanese judicial practice, while acknowledging its achievements, it will also define the nature of its rights vaguely. The issue of equity allocation and the reconciliation with legal succession and testamentary succession are introduced. The fourth chapter is some suggestions on the construction of the retention system. This article will combine the Japanese special share system to bring us the enlightenment, will put forward the suggestion to our country system construction. Since there is no special retention system in our country at the present stage, this paper will determine the amount of the special retention right from the perspective of the construction style of the special retention system, the subject of the special retention right and the amount of the special retention right. The author puts forward some suggestions on the construction of the special retention system in several aspects, such as the relief of the obligee. In the process of argumentation, this paper will also compare and analyze the current situation of Japan's legal construction, in order to better find suitable ways for our country's system construction.
【学位授予单位】：延边大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923.5;D931.3;DD913

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