海运保函的法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-02-24 11:07

本文关键词： 海运保函清洁提单无单放货电子提单　出处：《中国海洋大学》2009年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 当代国际贸易中海上货物贸易的重要地位不言而喻,而海运保函作为在贸易中与提单交易相关的重要环节,其研究价值可想而知。虽然海运保函对于任一货物贸易并不是必需的,然而它对于实践操作中降低交易风险、提高贸易效率的意义却是不容忽视的。海运保函的引入,提高了国际贸易和海上航运的效率,平衡了托运人、承运人以及收货人等多方利益。但同时,由于缺乏明确的法律依据,使得海运保函在实践中还存在导致当事人承担额外风险以及海事欺诈等有损当事人利益等情形。对此,在综合大量案例的基础上,笔者展开对海运保函各种情形之下的效力研究,解析保函可取和待进之处,并结合其性质效力的理论成果,提出优化海运保函相关法律制度的建议和设想,以期完善我国《海商法》的相关规定,最终实现让海运保函得以在法律制度的保护下更好地促进国际贸易发展这一终极目的。本文将从以下四部分,逐章展开对所涉问题的探研。第一部分从海运保函的发展沿革入手,阐述其概念演进,对海运保函做出初步定性,在研究海运保函现状的基础上探究其存在的价值和意义,提出海运保函现存的问题,为后文的研究打下基础。第二部分针对海运保函的两大分类--装运港保函和卸货港保函进行阐述,其中,装运港保函中以为换取清洁提单而出具的保函为重点研究,结合典型案例,分析个案判决中对保函效力的处理原因,得出实践中的处理结论;在卸货港保函一章立足于无单放货保函的分析研究,结合部分案例说明无单放货保函的一般处理规则,即:根据主观善恶意判断保函的有效性。同时针对两类保函在实践中存在的需要特注意的问题加以强调,以为风险防范和保障海运安全献策献力。第三部分站在海运保函实践的肩膀上,开始研析理论问题,进一步指出解决海运保函问题的症结在于其性质效力的不明确,通过分析各国的理论成果和态度,基本明确了海运保函的协议性质,并提出根据善恶意原则为基本原则来认定保函效力,指出了海运保函对内效力和对外效力的差异,并指出含有欺诈并绝对意味不受保护,在承运人善意不知的情况下接受托运人的欺诈性保函是可以依据侵权法律相关规定得以追偿的,并分析无效海运保函的法律后果,转而又由理论回归实践。第四部分针对海运保函进行的法律思考,结合上文对保函种种问题的分析研究,归纳提出有关海运保函在我国的立法建议和制度完善内容,同时寄希望通过电子提单解决传统提单在交易中的滞后和低效性,从而在安全交易的环节避免保函制度的风险可能,有关利用电子提单解决海运保函法律问题的构思也是本文的一大亮点。
[Abstract]:The important position of maritime goods trade in contemporary international trade is self-evident, and maritime guarantee is an important link related to bill of lading transaction in trade. Although the maritime guarantee is not necessary for any trade in goods, it is of great significance to reduce the transaction risk and improve the trade efficiency in practice. Improving the efficiency of international trade and maritime navigation, balancing the interests of shippers, carriers and consignees. But at the same time, due to the lack of a clear legal basis, In practice, there still exist situations such as causing the parties to bear additional risks and harming the interests of the parties, such as maritime fraud. On this basis, on the basis of a large number of cases, In this paper, the author studies the validity of maritime guarantee under various circumstances, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the guarantee, and combines the theoretical results of its nature and effectiveness, and puts forward some suggestions and ideas for optimizing the relevant legal system of maritime guarantee. With a view to perfecting the relevant provisions of China's Maritime Law, and finally realizing the ultimate goal of enabling maritime security to better promote the development of international trade under the protection of the legal system, this article will focus on the following four parts, Chapter by chapter to explore the problems involved. The first part begins with the development and evolution of maritime guarantee, expounds its concept evolution, makes a preliminary qualitative analysis of maritime guarantee, probes into its value and significance on the basis of studying the present situation of marine guarantee, and puts forward the existing problems of maritime guarantee. Lay the foundation for the later research. The second part expounds the two major categories of maritime guarantee-port of shipment guarantee and port of discharge guarantee, among which, the port of shipment guarantee issued in exchange for clean bills of lading as the focus of study, combined with typical cases, By analyzing the reasons for the validity of the guarantee in the judgment of each case and drawing the conclusion in practice, the chapter of the guarantee at the port of discharge is based on the analysis and study of the guarantee for the delivery of goods without documentary evidence, and explains the general treatment rules of the guarantee for the delivery of the goods without documentary evidence in combination with some cases. Namely: judging the validity of the guarantee according to the subjective good and malice, and emphasizing the problems which need special attention in the practice of the two kinds of guaranty, so as to offer advice for the risk prevention and the protection of maritime transportation safety. The third part, standing on the shoulder of the practice of maritime guarantee, begins to analyze the theoretical problems, and further points out that the crux of solving the problem of maritime guarantee lies in its unclear nature and effectiveness. Through the analysis of the theoretical achievements and attitudes of various countries, It basically clarifies the nature of the agreement of the maritime guarantee, and proposes to determine the validity of the guarantee on the basis of the principle of good and malice, points out the difference between the internal and external effectiveness of the maritime guarantee, and points out that it contains fraud and absolutely means that it is not protected, Under the condition that the carrier does not know in good faith, the fraudulent guarantee of the shipper can be recovered according to the relevant provisions of the tort law, and the legal consequence of the invalid maritime guarantee is analyzed, which is then returned to practice by theory. The 4th part is about the legal consideration of the maritime guarantee, combined with the above analysis and research on the various problems of the guarantee, and summarizes and puts forward the legislative suggestions and the content of perfecting the system of the maritime guarantee in our country. At the same time, we hope that the traditional bill of lading will be used to solve the lag and inefficiency of the traditional bill of lading in the transaction, so as to avoid the risk of the guarantee system in the link of the secure transaction. The idea of using electronic bill of lading to solve the legal problem of maritime guarantee is also a bright spot in this paper.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D996.19

【引证文献】