构建我国电子提单方案的法律问题初探

发布时间：2018-02-25 17:04

本文关键词： 电子数据交换 SeaDocs方案电子提单规则 Bolero方案物权凭证让与机制电子证据　出处：《华东政法学院》2006年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 纸面提单已经跟不上国际航运业的发展步伐。应当从改变提单流转的方式入手,使得其流转更迅捷、更安全、更低廉,同时又保证提单传统功能的实现。大部分发达国家开始在海运领域广泛使用电子数据交换技术,纸面运输单证逐步消亡,在这一国际发展趋势下,我国的法律界应当尽早作好应对的准备,确立电子提单的应用方案,并进行相关的立法,从而为电子提单的应用铺平道路。从20世纪60年代起恰逢计算机技术开始了迅猛发展,计算机作为一种现代化的管理和通讯手段正越来越深入地影响到社会的各个领域。在此基础上出现了EDI,海运领域最初的尝试就是SeaDocs方案。此后又有两次重要的尝试:一是国际海事委员会的电子提单规则,二是Bolero方案。此外国际上对于电子提单的立法也作了一些有益的尝试。电子提单是指法律明确规定的承运人可以通过电子数据交换系统(网络通信系统)将借助于特定计算机程序数据化后的传统提单信息发送到相对方或第三方的计算机终端上,并借助于该特定程序还可以还原为传统提单信息的有关海上货物运输合同内容的符合约定或法定标准的一组数据电文。电子提单与传统提单相比具有很多的优势。到现在为止,国际上还没有一部普遍适用的专门的电子提单法。只有一些带有示范性质的、对电子提单有参考适用性质的、当事方可以选择适用的法律范本。如联合国国际贸易法委员会在1996年颁布的《电子商务示范法》、联合国贸易法委员会在2001年颁布的《电子签名示范法》等。美国、英国,就海商法领域而言,在没有立法或司法判例明确规定的情况下,电子提单仍很难被认定为提单或物权凭证,但正在通过对法律的修订来弥补这一缺陷。澳大利亚、加拿大则已经基本上承认了电子提单。法国、德国、韩国、新加坡、香港这些国家和地区走在了电子商务立法的最前沿,对于电子提单的应用可能会采取较为宽容的态度。 SeaDocs方案中出现的第三方以登记人和保证人的身份出现,为我们解决可转让提单电子化的法律问题提供了一个突破口。国际海事委员会的电子提单规则就传统提单要求的书面和签字的法律要件提供了一种替代解决方法,即由承运人给持有人一个密码,该密码持有人享有与提单持有人同等的权利。Bolero通过规则手册实现电子提单的应用,规则手册的合同性质将准据法指向英国法,Bolero的用户可以通过规则手册选择英国法院管辖。以Bolero方案为代表的电子提单方案成本费用较高,给进一步推广应用带来了障碍。国际海事委员会的电子提单规则加重了承运人的责任,实践中几乎无人问津。我国应当以Bolero方案为发展目标,但是不能排斥当事人通过自己的约定来使用电子提单。我国要建立真正意义上的电子提单机制,必须进行相应配套的立法,在法律上明确承认电子提单,并规定电子提单采用的方案及其流转的机制、当事人的法律地位及其权利义务、与电子提单实现传统功能有关的法律问题、法律责任的承担以及管辖等程序性事项,从而让海上货物运输的当事人在法律的庇护下堂堂正正的使用电子提单而不是通过自己的约定来间接的使用电子提单。实施类似于Bolero的方案需要做好以下一些方面的立法工作:提供电子数据交换平台的中问服务商的法律地位问题;中间服务商的设立及其解散;中间服务商的运作模式;中间服务商与接受服务人员的法律关系;中间服务商的权利和义务;中间服务商的法律责任;对中间服务商采用技术的规定;对中间服务商法律上的支持等。因为电子提单的出现,可能至少使三类纠纷的管辖发生新的变化,这三类纠纷是:海上货物运输合同纠纷;涉及电子提单的买卖合同纠纷;当事人与提供电子数据传输的第三人之间的委托服务合同纠纷。事实上实现电子提单的广泛运用任重而道远,还有许多问题需要进一步研究,如技术问题、安全保障问题等。
[Abstract]:The pace of development of paper bills of lading has not complied with the international shipping industry. We should start from the change of the transfer of the bill of lading, the transfer is faster, safer, cheaper, and ensure the realization of the traditional bill of lading function. Most of the developed countries began the widespread use of electronic data interchange technology in the field of maritime transport documents, the paper gradually disappear, in this international development trend, the law of our country should be ready for use as soon as possible, establish the electronic bill of lading, and related legislation, so as to pave the way for the application of electronic bill of lading.
From 1960s onwards coincides with the computer technology began rapid development of computer, as a modern means of communication and management is more and more deeply affected various fields of society. The emergence of EDI on the basis of this, the initial attempt is SeaDocs. The field of transport and two important attempts: one is the rules for electronic bills of lading the International Maritime Committee, two is the Bolero program. In addition to the international electronic bill of lading legislation has made some useful attempts.
The electronic bill of lading refers to the legal system of the carrier can be exchanged through electronic data (network communication system) will be sent with the help of data for a particular computer program after the traditional bill of lading information to the computer terminal party or third party, comply with the contract or the legal standard of a set of data messages and with the help of the specific program can also restore as the traditional bill of lading information about contract of carriage of goods by sea. The content of the electronic bill of lading and has many advantages compared to the traditional bill of lading.
Until now, the world has not a special law of electronic bill of lading generally applicable. Only some demonstrative nature, with reference to the application of properties of electronic bill of lading, the parties can choose the law applicable model. Such as e-commerce law > the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law promulgated in 1996 ", United China Trade Law Committee in 2001 promulgated the" model law on electronic signature. The United States Britain ", on the field of maritime law, in the absence of legislation or judicial precedent specified, the electronic bill of lading is still difficult to be identified as a bill of lading or property certificates, but through amendments to the law is to compensate for this defect. Australia, Canada has basically admitted that the electronic bill of lading. France, Germany, South Korea, Singapore, Hongkong these countries and regions on the forefront of electronic commerce legislation, for the application of the electronic bill of lading may Take a more tolerant attitude.
The SeaDocs scheme in the third party to the registration and ensure the identity of the person, provides a breakthrough for us to solve the legal issues of electronic bill of lading can be. The rules for electronic bills of lading International Maritime Committee on the legal condition of the traditional bill of lading required written and signed to provide an alternative solution to the carrier, i.e. the holder of a password, the password holders enjoy equal rights and the holder of the bill of lading by.Bolero rules manual application of electronic bill of lading, the nature of the contract will be governed by the rule book to the British law, Bolero users can choose the jurisdiction of the English courts. The rule book with the Bolero as the representative of the electronic bill of lading for high cost, bring the obstacle to further application. Rules for electronic bills of lading International Maritime Committee increase the liability of the carrier, in practice almost no one Ask.
Our country should be based on the Bolero scheme for the development goals, but can not exclude the parties through their own agreed to use electronic bill of lading. China should establish a mechanism for the true meaning of the electronic bill of lading, must carry on the corresponding supporting legislation, clear recognition of electronic bill of lading in law, regulations and mechanism of the scheme and the circulation of electronic bill of lading, parties the legal status and rights and obligations, the legal problems about the traditional functions and electronic bill of lading, liability, jurisdiction and procedural matters, so that the carriage of goods by sea of the law under the aegis of the use of electronic bill of lading dignified and imposing rather than the use of electronic bill of lading through their agreement to indirectly. The implementation is similar to the Bolero program need to do the following aspects: the legal status of legislation providing ask service providers exchange platform of electronic data in question; Set up between service providers and service providers dissolved; operation mode; legal relationship between service providers and service personnel to accept the rights and obligations; service providers; legal responsibility among service providers; the provisions of the intermediate service providers using the technology of commercial law; intermediate service support. Because of the emergence of electronic bill of lading the jurisdiction may at least three types of disputes the new change, the three kinds of disputes are: the dispute of contract of carriage of goods by sea; relates to the electronic bill of lading contract dispute; commissioned service contract dispute parties and provide electronic data transmission between the third.
In fact, the extensive use of electronic bills of lading is a long way to go, and many problems need to be further studied, such as technical problems, security issues and so on.

【学位授予单位】：华东政法学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：D922.29

【引证文献】