追溯保险理论研究

发布时间：2018-02-27 17:07

本文关键词： 追溯保险损失或未损失条款善意保险责任期间　出处：《烟台大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：源于英国“损失或未损失”条款（lost or not lost clause）的追溯保险(retrospective insurance)，其内容主要是指当事人在保单中约定：保险人对保险合同订立前但在保险期间内发生的损失承担保险责任,除非在订立保险合同时被保险人已经知道损失发生而保险人不知情。源于此约定的追溯保险制度，起初是为了解决投保人在投保或者在浮动保单或开口保单宣告时，使保险合同效力免受保险标的可能已经发生损害或损失的影响。其在英国海上保险史中，为保障被保险人权益，解决海上货物运输保险争端发挥了重要作用。此后德国、日本、台湾等国家和地区相继发展并完善了追溯保险，并把追溯保险制度扩大适用于整个保险领域。在保险史上，为解决保险纠纷发挥了重要作用。在我国，随着我国保险市场的逐渐开放，保险市场的竞争也异常激烈，有些保险公司为了争夺市场份额，在签发保单时往往扩大保险期间范围，不断延长追溯期，追溯保险在保险实务中已经数见不鲜。目前虽然保险实务中积累了大量的追溯案件，但是追溯保险却没有引起保险法理论界的重视。我国《保险法》和《海商法》没有对追溯保险作出明确地规定，其立法例没有得到明确，并且保险法教材及专著中也鲜见对其介绍。虽然我国最高院于2006在《关于审理海上保险纠纷案件若干问题的规定》,以司法解释的形式首次肯定了追溯保险并予以明确。但是，目前其适用范围仅限于海上保险。随着我国整个商业保险市场的发展，保险产品的日益增多，我国保险法理论界对追溯保险若仍不进行深入的理论研究，保险法若仍不对追溯保险在立法例上进行明确，形单影只的司法解释，面对复杂的保险纠纷案件，只能是孤掌难鸣。基于追溯保险在我国保险市场上立法缺失，但其立法与理论在解决保险纠纷的实务中又被急需的现状，本文将在学习探讨英国、德国、日本等国家或地区相关追溯保险的法律及理论基础之上，结合我国保险市场实际以及出现的保险纠纷案件对追溯保险理论展开探索：首先基于目前我国理论界对追溯保险的共识，通过保险合同、保险责任开始时间两个因素探讨其与追溯保险的关系进，而为明确我国追溯保险的概念做基础；通过研究定义追诉保险的两因素明确追诉保险的概念，，并通过其特征、分类进一步深化对追诉保险的理解；在明确追溯保险概念的基础上，横向就保险实务中存在的易与其混淆的概念进行比较辨析，进一步明确追溯保险的内涵，从而便于解决保险实务中追诉保险的相关纠纷。其次为了深入对追诉保险制度的研究，纵向采取历史研究方法，就产生追溯保险的先例进行探究，了解追溯保险制度的产生以及演变。为了宏观上全面的了解追溯保险制度，本文横向对追溯保险制度在世界各国的状况进行比较研究，找出各国追溯保险制度的差异性与共性，同时就我国大陆的追溯保险制度的特点进行总结。第三基于上文对追溯保险制度全面了解基础上，本章主要就研究在差异性基础上，各国追溯保险共性的一面——追溯保险的构成。本章主要从追诉保险的意思表示、追诉保险的保险利益、主观上当事人的善意、客观上危险的发生进行分析。从微观上明确追溯保险制度，从而为我国追溯保险制度的发展奠定基础。最后回到本文写作的出发点。本文写作的意义就在于对我国大陆的追溯保险理论展开探索。首先宏观上针对现状的质疑考察我国大陆发展追溯保险制度的合理性，其次微观上就我国大陆追溯保险立法例以及适用范围进行探讨，提出我国大陆追溯保险发展的几点意见。
[Abstract]:The retroactive insurance system arising from the loss or not lost clause of the United Kingdom mainly refers to the liability of the parties to the insurance contract before the insurance contract is entered into , but the insurer is not aware of the loss incurred during the insurance period . The retroactive insurance system arising from this agreement has been developed and perfected in the history of the British marine insurance in order to guarantee the rights and interests of the insured and to solve the maritime cargo transportation insurance dispute . In our country , with the gradual opening of the insurance market in our country , the competition of insurance market is very competitive , some insurance companies often expand the scope of insurance period in order to compete for market share . With the development of the whole commercial insurance market in China and the increasing of insurance products , China ' s insurance law theorists have not conducted an in - depth theoretical study on retroactive insurance . Based on retroactive insurance legislation is missing in China ' s insurance market , but its legislation and theories are urgently needed in solving insurance disputes , this paper will explore the retroactive insurance theory based on the study of the laws and theories of retroactive insurance in countries such as Britain , Germany , Japan and so on , combining with the practice of China ' s insurance market and the insurance dispute arising from China ' s insurance market : Firstly , based on the common understanding of retroactive insurance in China ' s theory circle , the paper discusses its relationship with retroactive insurance through insurance contract and insurance liability start time . Secondly , in order to deeply understand the research of the insurance system , the history research method is adopted in the longitudinal direction to explore the origin and evolution of the retroactive insurance system . In order to understand the retroactive insurance system comprehensively , this paper makes a comparative study on the situation of the tracing insurance system in all countries of the world , and finds out the differences and the commonness of the tracing insurance system in all countries . At the same time , it summarizes the characteristics of the retroactive insurance system in China . Third , based on the comprehensive understanding of the retroactive insurance system based on the above , this chapter mainly studies the formation of retroactive insurance on the basis of the difference . The chapter mainly analyzes the insurance benefits of the insurance , the goodwill of the subjective party and the occurrence of the objective danger . From the microcosmic point , the insurance system is clearly traced , thus laying the foundation for the development of the retroactive insurance system in China . Finally , it is the starting point of the author ' s writing . The significance of this paper is to explore the retroactive insurance theory of China ' s mainland . First of all , the author tries to probe into the rationality of China ' s mainland development tracing insurance system . Secondly , it probes into the legislation of China ' s mainland retroactive insurance and the scope of application , and puts forward some suggestions on the development of China ' s mainland retroactive insurance .

【学位授予单位】：烟台大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.284

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