论海上保险中的告知说明义务

发布时间：2018-04-12 12:43

本文选题：海上保险 + 告知义务　；参考：《上海海事大学》2006年硕士论文

【摘要】：海上保险是现代保险的最初渊源，告知说明义务是海上保险中的一项重要制度，它直接关系着保险合同双方当事人的利益。本文试从五个方面来探讨这一制度：第一，告知说明义务的界定。本文分别从告知义务与说明义务的理论基础、主体、法律性质、作用方面分析了两者的相同之处，从而得出告知义务与说明义务具有同一性，它们是海上保险合同的双方当事人履行缔约信息披露义务的不同表现；第二，告知说明义务的理论基础。传统理论认为告知义务基于最大诚信原则而产生，笔者认为最大诚信原则仅从主观方面揭示了告知义务的产生基础，危险测定说则揭示了告知义务产生的客观基础，因此告知义务的理论基础应兼采主客观两方面的内容。同样，说明义务的理论基础也应兼采主客观两方面内容，以最大诚信原则为其主观基础，以保险产品测定为其客观基础；第三，，告知说明义务的履行主体。鉴于海商法仅有被保险人概念而无投保人一说，给保险实践带来诸多问题，笔者建议在海上保险中引入投保人概念并确立其告知义务。我国的保险经纪人在提法上虽与英国保险法一致，但是两者的法律地位却有很大差异，鉴于我国尚无投保代理人制度，笔者建议借鉴英国法的规定，重设我国的保险经纪人制度并确立其独立的告知义务。保险人是说明义务当然的、法定的履行主体，无任何异议，但在实践中，保险人往往委托其代理人全权处理与保险有关的事宜，因此，应当在法律上确立保险代理人的说明义务并明确其义务的范围；第四，告知说明义务的履行。本文从告知义务的履行范围、告知除外、告知的方式三个方面分析了告知义务的履行。就告知义务的履行范围问题，本文通过对基准人的选择、影响的确定、知道与应当知道以及“如实”告知的论述予以明确。就告知除外的内容，本文认为应包括法律、减少危险程度的事实、保险人知道或者应当知道的事项等八项内容。就告知的方式，笔者认为海商法采用自动无限告知的方式是比较合理的。海上保险产品为保险合同条款所体现，因此说明的内容主要是保险合同条款，包括一般合同条款和免责条款。鉴于书面方式与口头方式各有利弊，笔者建议在说明义务的履行中把这两种方式相结合；第五，告知说明义务的违反及其法律后果。本文认为违反告知义务的构成要件应采主观主义原则，即既要有不实告知或未告知的客观行为，又要有故意或过失的心理状态。而违反告知义务
[Abstract]:Marine insurance is the initial origin of modern insurance. The obligation of disclosure is an important system in marine insurance, which is directly related to the interests of both parties to the insurance contract.This paper tries to explore this system from five aspects: first, the definition of the obligation of disclosure.This paper analyzes the similarities between the obligation of notification and the obligation of explanation from the aspects of the theoretical basis, subject, legal nature and function of the obligation of notification and explanation, and concludes that the obligation of notification and obligation of explanation are identical.They are the different performance of the parties to the marine insurance contract to fulfill the obligation of disclosure of information. Second, the theoretical basis of the obligation to inform and explain.The traditional theory holds that the obligation of disclosure is based on the principle of maximum good faith. The author thinks that the principle of maximum good faith reveals the basis of the obligation of notification only from the subjective aspect, while the theory of risk determination reveals the objective basis of the obligation of notification.Therefore, the theoretical basis of the obligation of notification should adopt both subjective and objective contents.Similarly, the theoretical basis of the obligation of explanation should be both subjective and objective, taking the principle of maximum good faith as its subjective basis, and taking the measurement of insurance products as its objective basis; third, informing the subject of the performance of the obligation of explanation.In view of the fact that maritime law has only the concept of the insured without the policy holder, which brings many problems to the practice of insurance, the author suggests that the concept of the insured should be introduced into marine insurance and the obligation of informing the insured should be established.Although the formulation of insurance broker in our country is consistent with that of British insurance law, the legal status of them is quite different. In view of the fact that there is no insurance agent system in our country, the author suggests to draw lessons from the provisions of English law.To re-establish our insurance broker system and establish its independent notification obligations.Of course, the insurer is obliged to explain its obligations. There is no objection to the legal subject of performance. However, in practice, the insurer often entrusts its agent with full powers to deal with matters relating to insurance.The legal obligation of insurance agent should be established and the scope of its obligation should be defined.This paper analyzes the performance of the obligation of notification from three aspects: the scope of the obligation of notification, the exception of notification, and the mode of notification.With regard to the scope of performance of the obligation of notification, this paper clarifies the choice of the benchmark person, the determination of the influence, the discussion of knowing and ought to know and the "truthfulness" of informing.As for the contents of the information, this article holds that it should include the law, the fact of reducing the degree of danger, the matters that the insurer knows or ought to know, and so on.On the way of informing, the author thinks that it is reasonable for maritime law to adopt the method of automatic infinite notification.The marine insurance products are embodied in the terms of the insurance contract, so the contents of the description are mainly the terms of the insurance contract, including the general contract clause and the exemption clause.In view of the advantages and disadvantages of written and oral methods, the author proposes to combine the two ways in the performance of the obligation of explanation. Fifth, to inform the breach of the obligation of explanation and its legal consequences.This paper holds that the constitutive elements of breach of the obligation of notification should adopt the principle of subjectivism, that is, there should not only be objective acts of false or uninformed information, but also the psychological state of intent or negligence.For breach of the obligation of notification
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：D922.294;D922.284

【引证文献】