论提单的法律适用

发布时间：2018-04-29 12:18

本文选题：提单 + 法律适用　；参考：《上海海事大学》2004年硕士论文

【摘要】：提单是海上货物运输中由承运人签发给托运人的一张单据，它在远洋运输和国际贸易中都发挥着重要作用。同时，提单也是海商法学术界中争议最多的一个法律概念。与租船货运合同不同，提单由于其当事人并不处于同等地位，因而受到了国际公约和各国立法的干预。各国内国法关于提单的法律规定也有诸多不同，而提单主要适用于远洋运输，其签发、转让往往在不同国家进行，必然涉及不同国家的法律，这样在发生提单纠纷时，不可避免会引起准据法的确定等法律适用问题。因此，适用法律变得十分复杂。围绕提单可能发生的纠纷主要是关于提单行为的合法性、提单的法律效力、提单当事人行为能力及识别等几个方面。本文对提单法律适用问题主要从四个方面加以研究。关于提单法律行为的法律适用。本文首先从一般法律行为的法律适用入手，分析提单法律行为的特殊性，提出应按照“场所支配行为”原则，适用行为地法。关于提单债权效力的法律适用。我们通常所说的提单的准据法多指的是提单债权关系的准据法。这是由于现实中关于提单的纠纷多集中在提单的债权关系方面，此外，关于提单的公约以及不少国家关于提单的立法也多集中在提单的债权制度方面。本文首先分析了提单债权效力的特征，明确了其独立性。接着对提单债权效力的诸派理论学说进行了评述，指出提单的债权关系实质上是一种证券关系，可适用证券上指定的法律，即提单上的法律适用条款。关于提单物权效力的法律适用。从物权角度看，提单只能证明提单持有人对货物的占有，，提单是货物的拟制，而不是货物所有权的拟制。联系海运实务的实践，提单物权效力准据法应以“物之所在地法”的原则来确定，在物权行为发生地无法确认时，可以根据实际情况再以“交货地”、“货物扣押地”等为连结点确定货物物权效力的准据法。关于提单当事人识别的法律适用。提单中的当事人关系较其他合同更为复杂，再加上各国立法对承运人、提单持有人、托运人等概念的界定颇不一致，因此，究竟适用哪国立法来确定提单的当事人就成为一个尤为特殊的问题。本文分析了理论上确定当事人识别的准据法的困难，目前实践中尚无明确的判决。关于无单放货诉讼案的法律适用。鉴于近年来无单放货案件在我国司法实践中日益增多的状况，首先对无单放货的性质的三种学说进行了分析，接着提出应该对不同的情况进行不同的定性，从而决定法律适用问题。最后，提出应该参照票据法，制订约束提单各方面问题的各国统一适用的国际公约来解决提单法律冲突。
[Abstract]:Bill of lading is a document issued by the carrier to the shipper in the carriage of goods by sea. It plays an important role in ocean transportation and international trade. At the same time, bill of lading is the most controversial legal concept in maritime law academia. Different from chartering contract, bill of lading is interfered by international convention and national legislation because its parties are not in the same position. There are also many different legal provisions on bills of lading in various national laws, and bills of lading are mainly applicable to ocean shipping. The issuance and transfer of bills of lading are often carried out in different countries, which inevitably involve the laws of different countries, so that in the event of a bill of lading dispute, Inevitably will cause the applicable law determination and so on law application question. As a result, the application of the law becomes very complex. The disputes around the bill of lading are mainly about the legality of the bill of lading, the legal effect of the bill of lading, the capacity and identification of the parties to the bill of lading. This paper studies the application of bill of lading from four aspects. The application of the law concerning the legal act of bill of lading. This article begins with the legal application of general legal acts, analyzes the particularity of the legal acts of bill of lading, and puts forward that the law of the place of conduct should be applied according to the principle of "place dominating act". The application of the law on the validity of the bill of lading. The applicable law of bill of lading usually refers to the law applicable to the creditor's rights of bill of lading. This is due to the fact that disputes on bills of lading mostly focus on the creditor's rights of bills of lading, in addition, the conventions on bills of lading and the legislation of bills of lading in many countries also concentrate on the creditor's rights system of bills of lading. This paper first analyzes the characteristics of the validity of bill of lading, and clarifies its independence. Then it comments on the theories of the validity of the bill of lading, and points out that the creditor's rights of the bill of lading is essentially a kind of securities relationship, which can be applied to the law specified in the securities, that is, the applicable clause of the law on the bill of lading. The application of the law on the effect of real right of bill of lading. From the point of view of real right, the bill of lading can only prove the possession of the goods by the holder of the bill of lading, and the bill of lading is the fiction of the goods, not the fictitious ownership of the goods. In connection with the practice of maritime transportation, the applicable law of the effect of bill of lading in real right should be determined by the principle of "the law of the place where the property is located", and if the place of the act of real right cannot be confirmed, it can be further determined by the "place of delivery" according to the actual situation. "place of seizure of goods", etc., is the applicable law for determining the validity of real right of goods. The law applicable to the identification of the parties to the bill of lading. The relationship between the parties in the bill of lading is more complicated than other contracts, and the definition of carrier, holder of bill of lading and shipper is quite inconsistent in the legislation of various countries, therefore, Which national legislation is applicable to determine the parties to the bill of lading becomes a special problem. This paper analyzes the difficulty of determining the applicable law of the parties' identification in theory, but there is no definite judgment in practice. Application of the law in cases of delivery of goods without documentary evidence. In view of the fact that the delivery of goods without bill of lading has been carried out in China and Japan in recent years, In the case of increasing increase, three theories about the nature of undocumented delivery are analyzed first, and then it is pointed out that the difference should be made between the two theories. In the case of different qualitative, thus determining the application of the law. Finally, it is pointed out that the uniform application of the international law governing all aspects of bills of lading should be made by reference to the law of instruments. To resolve conflicts of laws on bills of lading.
【学位授予单位】：上海海事大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D99

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