中国海上贸易发展战略研究

发布时间：2018-05-01 08:14

本文选题：海上贸易 + 海洋战略　；参考：《中共中央党校》2009年博士论文

【摘要】： 本文由导论、正文和结束语三部分组成。导论部分介绍了本篇论文的选题依据及意义、文献综述、研究方法、创新之处以及研究难点和存在的问题。正文部分从第一章到第四章:第一章是国外发展海上贸易的理论和战略。本章由三节组成:第一节首先明确了海上贸易的定义,即通过海洋运输进行的贸易;然后从海上贸易的成本、时间、运量、范围和风险共五个方面分析了海上贸易的特点,指出海上贸易的成本较低,时间较长,运量较大,范围较广,风险较大。第二节总结和分析了马汉、戈尔什科夫和莱曼关于发展海上贸易的重要理论,指明了他们各自理论的重要特点。第三节重点阐述了英国、美国和苏联(俄罗斯)发展海上贸易的战略,同时也分析了葡萄牙、西班牙、荷兰、法国、德国和日本发展海上贸易战略,以便在明确海上贸易的概念与特点的基础上说明国外发展海上贸易的概况。第二章是中国海上贸易的历史与现状。本章由两节组成:第一节首先对古代和近代中国在发展海上贸易方面的亮点和教训进行梳理和总结,在此基础上指出海上贸易在古代中国自然经济占绝对主体地位的时期尽管十分繁荣但仍处于辅助地位,而在近代中国饱受屈辱的时期则处于一个非常被动的地位。第二节首先分析了新中国成立以来我国在整体上对海洋的认识不断深化的过程,然后把新中国的海上贸易政策分为计划管制的海上贸易政策时期和市场放活的海上贸易政策时期两个阶段进行分析,并且在此基础上阐明了改革开放与海上贸易的巨大成就,用可靠的数据说明了海上贸易在社会主义市场经济中已经占有相当重要的地位,以区别于先前的辅助和被动地位。第三章是中国发展海上贸易的意义与条件。本章由三节组成:第一节是中国发展海上贸易的重要意义,从发展海上贸易有利于完善我国社会主义市场经济体制,有利于推进东部率先实现现代化、提高其经济辐射力以及有利于转变对外贸易增长方式、促进经济又好又快发展三个方面论述了发展海上贸易有利于推动经济发展;从作为发展海上贸易所必不可少的“第四只臂膀”——海运船队的军事替代性和发展海上贸易所必然产生的与其他国家和地区的合作以及发展海上贸易能够充分利用国际国内两个市场两种资源从而可以有效地为我国的经济发展补给所需三个方面论述了发展海上贸易有利于维护国家安全;从海上贸易的覆盖范围十分广泛从而能够促进不同地域、不同国家、不同种族的人们之间的交往以便实现各方文化的交流以及海上贸易本身具有很强的进取性从而有利于克服农耕文化基因中的某些惰性两个方面论述了发展海上贸易有利于促进文化交流并进而指出只有发展海上贸易,才能避免闭门造车,以贸易促交流,以交流促创新,以创新促贸易,形成良性循环。第二节是中国发展海上贸易的有利条件,从传播方式的形象化使得海洋知识更加容易被人们接受,我国历史上由闭关锁国导致的落后挨打的惨痛教训令人们难以忘却以及国家参与国际海洋事务的程度大幅提升以及一系列政策文件的颁布三个方面论述了走向海洋为越来越多的人所认同,并指出人的因素是关键因素,越来越多的人对走向海洋的认同是中国发展海上贸易的诸多有利条件中最为关键的一点;从不断解放的思想和国家颁布的一系列有利于对外开放的政策文件以及制定和修改的对外贸易法律等多个方面论述了我国发展海上贸易拥有的不断开放的政策环境;从根据《联合国海洋法公约》所拥有的300万平方公里左右的蓝色国土以及国家在不遗余力加强单个港口建设力度努力实现“一枝独秀”的同时,还竭尽全力增强全国各个港口布局的合理性以便实现环渤海、长三角、东南沿海、珠三角和西南沿海港口群“满园春色”的角度论述了我国拥有广阔的可管辖海域与众多优良海港;从我国已经成为世界第三大贸易国、世界海运需求量位居世界之首这一现实出发并以石油、天然气和铁矿石这三种战略物资的运输需求为例证论述了我国海上货物需求将持续增长,从而为我国海上贸易的发展提供了强大的动力;从以《联合国海洋法公约》为基础的国际法和包括《领海及毗连区法》、《专属经济区和大陆架法》、《海商法》等在内的一系列国内法的颁布和实施以及其他不断完善的法律制度,为发展海上贸易提供了法律保障。第三节是中国发展海上贸易的不利条件,通过古代中国对待海洋问题有四个基本特点,即轻视经略海洋、航海技术先进而航海的经济效益低下、视大海为天然的屏障以及视海洋资源为他人之物和海上通道为他人之路论述和印证了我国重农抑商、重陆轻海的传统思维;从海洋领土争端不利于确保海上贸易航线顺畅、提高国家航海能力,不利于我国充分利用其所蕴藏的丰富的资源以丰富贸易的内涵,不利于我国与相关国家开展海上贸易三个方面论述了海洋领土争端尚未解决对我国发展海上贸易的制约作用;主要从我国目前海洋通道控制力不够和海洋救助力量薄弱两个方面论述了我国海运安全隐患较多的现实;通过对与我国海上贸易密切相关的海上邻国日本、当今世界的海上霸权国家以及在印度洋这一攸关我国海上贸易发展的重要海域占有优势的印度三个国家的分析论述了我国发展海上贸易所面临的海洋强国的战略牵制。第四章是中国发展海上贸易的战略构想。本章是本文的重点部分,共有三节内容构成:第一节是着力构建海洋战略,引领海上贸易发展。本节首先从构建海洋战略是发展海上贸易的必然要求和发展海上贸易是构建海洋战略的重要内容两个方面阐明了构建海洋战略与发展海上贸易的关系。然后,从国家海洋事业发展规划、国家海洋科学和技术发展规划、促进海洋经济发展的战略规划、海洋资源开发利用战略规划、海洋环境保护战略规划和海洋公益事业发展规划六个方面梳理了我国海洋战略的规划体系并且在此基础上指出了我国现有海洋战略规划体系的一些不足,例如,它们相对独立,缺乏一个共同的、明确的、总体的目标,缺少能够涵盖各个领域的能够协调各方面的指导原则以及可能的实现路径。为此,笔者根据构成战略的三个相互影响、相互制约的基本要素,即战略主体所要追求的目标、战略主体为达到目标而实行的原则以及战略主体在追求目标过程中所选择的路径提出了我国海洋战略的基本设想。从当今时代的主题、海洋权益的划分过程、海洋霸权国家的兴衰成败、中国对国际社会的一贯承诺和政策主张以及中国处理国际事务的法律基础五个方面论述了我国海洋战略的目标应该是建设不称霸的海洋强国;围绕这个目标,本文指出中国的海洋战略必须要坚持和平原则、发展原则和法治原则。其中,和平原则主要是外向的,发展原则主要是内向的,不管是外向的和平原则还是内向的发展原则都应该依法实施。为此,需要妥善处理海洋领土争端、适度发展海上力量以落实和平原则,需要加强海洋教育、强化舆论宣传以落实发展原则,需要推动“海洋入宪”、完善配套立法以落实法治原则。第二节是遵循世贸组织规则,推进海上贸易发展。本节首先从加入世界贸易组织促进了海上贸易的发展和中国发展海上贸易必须遵循世界贸易组织规则两个方面论述了中国加入世界贸易组织与发展海上贸易的关系,然后从大力推进世界航运中心建设、实行有条件的最惠国待遇原则和循序渐进的国民待遇原则、遵循逐步自由化原则、着力提升法律法规透明度和提高船舶运输的性能与管理的效率五个方面阐明了在世界贸易组织框架下我国发展海上贸易的策略。第三节是引入特别仲裁制度,规范海上贸易发展。鉴于我国尚未承认特别仲裁制度致使国人对这一制度不是十分熟悉,本节首先明确和辨析了特别仲裁制度的含义,从仲裁程序、仲裁员的选任、仲裁费用和仲裁的时间四个方面论述了特别仲裁制度与我国现有的机构仲裁制度的区别并从历史和文化的角度论述了我国缺失特别仲裁制度的原因进而以特别仲裁制度十分成熟的英国为例论证了我国引入特别仲裁制度的必要性。然后,从仲裁协议的要件与有效性、仲裁员的回避、仲裁员的费用、专家证据和缺席裁决五个方面阐明了我国引入特别仲裁制度之后需要做得相关配套法律调整建议以期望能够进一步规范海上贸易的发展。结束语部分在分析当今国际形势特征的基础上指出面对经济全球化的潮流,中国只有实行对外开放,才能大有作为;中国只有一如既往地发展海上贸易,才能有大作为。发展海上贸易虽然机遇与挑战并存,但是机遇大于挑战。只要我们充分认识到国家之间在发展海上贸易过程中的相互依赖性,以建设不称霸的海洋强国为目标并本着和平、发展与法治原则构建海洋战略,遵循世界贸易组织的制度规则,完善发展海上贸易的法律规范,必将会有力地促进我国海上贸易的发展,使中国更好地融入世界,使世界更加深入地了解和接受中国。
[Abstract]:This article is composed of three parts: introduction, text and concluding remarks. The introduction introduces the basis and significance of the topic, literature review, research methods, innovation, research difficulties and problems.
The main body of the chapter is from the first chapter to the fourth chapter: the first chapter is the theory and strategy for the development of maritime trade abroad. This chapter is composed of three sections. First, the definition of maritime trade is defined, that is, the trade carried out through marine transportation; then, it analyzes the special maritime trade from the cost, time, volume, scope and risk of maritime trade in five aspects. Points out that the cost of the maritime trade is low, the time is longer, the volume is larger, the scope is wider and the risk is larger. The second section summarizes and analyzes the important theories of Mahan, Gorshkov and Lehmann on the development of maritime trade, and points out the important characteristics of their respective theories. The third section focuses on the development of the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union (Russia). At the same time, it also analyzes the strategy of the development of maritime trade in Portugal, Spain, Holland, France, Germany and Japan, so as to clarify the general situation of foreign trade in the development of foreign trade on the basis of the definition and characteristics of maritime trade.
The second chapter is the history and present situation of China's maritime trade. This chapter is composed of two sections: the first section first gives a summary of the highlights and lessons of the ancient and modern China in the development of maritime trade. On this basis, it points out that the period of maritime trade in ancient China's natural economy occupies an absolute dominant position, although it is very prosperous but still in its position. It is in a very passive position in the period of humiliation in modern China. The second section first analyzes the process of deepening our understanding of the ocean on the whole since the founding of new China, and then divides the new China's maritime trade policy into a period of planned control of the maritime trade policy and the market for the release of the sea. The two stages of the trade policy period are analyzed, and on this basis, the great achievements of the reform and opening up and the maritime trade are clarified. With the reliable data, it is shown that the maritime trade has played an important role in the socialist market economy, which is different from the previous auxiliary and passive status.
The third chapter is the significance and conditions for the development of China's maritime trade. This chapter consists of three sections. The first section is the significance of the development of China's maritime trade. The development of maritime trade is beneficial to the improvement of the socialist market economy system in China, which is conducive to the modernization of the East, the enhancement of its economic radiation and the transformation of foreign trade to foreign trade. The three aspects of the easy growth mode and the good and fast development of the economy are discussed in this paper that the development of maritime trade is beneficial to the development of the economy; from the "fourth arms" as essential for the development of maritime trade, the military substitution of the marine fleet and the development of the maritime trade will inevitably lead to cooperation and development with other countries and regions. The maritime trade can make full use of the two kinds of resources in the two markets of the world and so that it can effectively provide three aspects for the economic development and recharge of our country. The development of maritime trade is beneficial to the maintenance of national security. The coverage of maritime trade is very wide so that people from different regions, different countries and different races can be promoted. In order to realize the exchange of cultures between the parties and the strong enterprising nature of the maritime trade, it is beneficial to overcome some of the two aspects of the inertia of the farming culture. The development of the maritime trade is beneficial to the promotion of cultural exchange and further points out that only the development of maritime trade can prevent the closure of the door and trade in the trade. The second section is the favorable condition for the development of maritime trade in China. The visualization of the mode of communication makes the ocean knowledge easier to be accepted by the people. The degree of ocean affairs has been greatly improved and the three aspects of the promulgation of a series of policy documents have discussed the recognition of more and more people to the sea, and point out that human factors are the key factors. More and more people's identification to the ocean is the most important point in the many favorable conditions for China's development of maritime trade; The idea of placing it and a series of policy documents that are enacted by the state, as well as foreign trade laws, which are conducive to opening to the outside world, and the formulation and revision of foreign trade laws, have discussed the open policy environment for the development of China's maritime trade; from the blue territory and the country of about 3 million square kilometres under the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea. At the same time, at the same time, we endeavor to strengthen the construction of a single port and strive to achieve a "single show". At the same time, we do our best to strengthen the rationality of the layout of each port in order to realize the ring Bohai. The angle of the Yangtze River Delta, the southeast coast, the Pearl River Delta and the southwest coastal port group "full garden spring" discusses the vast area of our country's jurisdiction. Many excellent seaports have become the third largest trading countries in the world, and the world shipping demand is the first reality in the world, and the demand for the transportation of three kinds of strategic goods, such as oil, natural gas and iron ore, is illustrated to demonstrate that the demand for marine goods will continue to increase in China, thus providing a strong development for the development of China's maritime trade. Great momentum; the promulgation and implementation of a series of domestic laws, including the international law based on the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea and the law of the territorial sea and contiguous areas, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf law, the maritime law, and other laws and regulations that continue to be perfected, provide legal protection for the development of maritime trade. The third section is the development of China. The adverse conditions of maritime trade have four basic features in the treatment of marine problems in ancient China, namely, the light of the sea, the advanced technology of the sea and the low economic benefit of navigation, as well as the natural barrier of the sea as well as the ocean resources for others and the way of the sea for others. The traditional thinking of maritime territorial disputes is not conducive to ensuring the smooth maritime trade routes, improving the nation's navigational ability, which is not conducive to the full use of its rich resources to enrich the connotation of trade, and is not conducive to the development of maritime territory disputes between China and the related countries in the three aspects that the territorial disputes of the ocean have not been resolved to our country. The restrictive effect of maritime trade, mainly from two aspects of our country's current marine channel control force and the weakness of the ocean salvage force, expounds the reality of many hidden dangers in China's maritime security, through the maritime neighboring Japan, which is closely related to China's maritime trade, the maritime hegemony of the world and the India ocean in our country. The analysis of the three countries in India, an important maritime area with the advantage of maritime trade, expounds the strategic containment of China's maritime power in developing maritime trade.
The fourth chapter is the strategic conception of the development of China's maritime trade. This chapter is the key part of this article, which consists of three sections: the first section is to build the ocean strategy and lead the development of maritime trade. The first part of this section begins with the construction of the marine strategy, the inevitable requirement for the development of maritime trade and the development of maritime trade as an important content of the construction of the marine strategy two The relationship between the construction of marine strategy and the development of maritime trade is clarified, and then, from the national marine development plan, the National Marine Science and technology development plan, the strategic plan for promoting the development of the marine economy, the strategic planning of the exploitation and utilization of marine resources, the strategic planning of marine environmental protection and the development plan of the marine public welfare undertakings. It has combed the planning system of our country's marine strategy and points out some shortcomings of the existing marine strategic planning system in our country. For example, they are relatively independent, lack a common, clear and overall goal, and lack the guiding principles that can cover all fields of coordination and the possible path of realization. Therefore, according to the three mutual influences of the constitution strategy, the basic elements which restrict each other, that is, the goal that the strategic subject is to pursue, the principle of the strategic subject to achieve the goal, and the strategic subject in the course of pursuing the goal, put forward the basic idea of our country's marine strategy. The division process of rights and interests, the success or failure of the ocean hegemony, China's consistent commitment and policy to the international community and the legal basis for China's handling of international affairs five aspects of China's marine strategy should be the construction of an ocean power without hegemony. We should adhere to the principle of peace, the principle of development and the principle of rule of law. Among them, the principle of peace is mainly extroverted, and the principle of development is mainly introverted. The principle of peace and introverted development should be carried out in accordance with the law. Therefore, the dispute of the marine territory should be properly handled, the maritime forces should be developed to implement the principle of peace and need to be added. Qiang Haiyang's education, strengthening public opinion propaganda to implement the principle of development, needs to promote the "sea into the constitution", perfect the supporting legislation to implement the principle of rule of law. The second section is to follow the rules of the WTO to promote the development of maritime trade. The World Trade Organization rules two aspects to discuss the relationship between China's accession to the World Trade Organization and the development of maritime trade, and then to vigorously promote the construction of the world shipping center, implement the conditional principle of most favored nation treatment and the principle of gradual national treatment, follow the principle of gradual liberalization, and improve the transparency and improvement of the laws and regulations. The five aspects of the performance and efficiency of ship transportation illustrate the strategy for the development of China's maritime trade under the framework of the world trade organization. The third section is the introduction of a special arbitration system to regulate the development of maritime trade. This paper analyzes the meaning of the special arbitration system, and discusses the differences between the special arbitration system and the existing institutional arbitration system in China from the four aspects of the arbitration procedure, the selection of the arbitrators, the cost of arbitration and the time of arbitration. The reasons for the lack of special arbitration system in our country are discussed from the historical and cultural perspectives, and the special arbitration system is very successful. The ripe UK demonstrates the necessity of introducing a special arbitration system in our country. Then, from the five aspects of the requirements and effectiveness of the arbitration agreement, the avoidance of the arbitrator, the cost of the arbitrator, the expert evidence and the default adjudication, it is clarified that the relevant relevant legal adjustment proposals need to be made after the introduction of the special arbitration system in China. Step by step is the development of maritime trade.
On the basis of the analysis of the characteristics of the current international situation, the concluding part points out that in the face of the trend of economic globalization, only by opening up to the outside world can China have a great success. Recognizing the interdependence between countries in the process of developing maritime trade, we should aim at building an ocean power without hegemony, build a marine strategy in accordance with the principles of peace, development and rule of law, follow the rules of the world trade organization, and perfect the legal norms for the development of maritime trade, which will certainly promote the development of maritime trade in China. The exhibition will enable China to better integrate into the world and make the world more deeply understand and accept China.

【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：F752;F552

【引证文献】