国际海事赔偿责任限制制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-12 15:52

本文选题：海事赔偿责任 + 限制性债权　；参考：《哈尔滨工程大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 海事赔偿责任限制是“航运秩序的基石”。作为一项法律制度,是海商法中所特有的作为一种权利,它是海商法赋予船舶所有人、船舶承租人、船舶经营人等责任主体的一种法定特权。海事赔偿责任限制是通过限制船舶所有人、经营人的赔偿责任,减少责任风险,使投入海运业的巨额资本切实得到一定保护,从而达到保护和促进海运业的发展需要；海事赔偿责任限制符合海上运输的实际情况,是公平原则的具体体现；海事赔偿责任限制是船舶人格化理论的反映。司法实践中,海事赔偿责任限制权利行使的法律后果,是使限制性债权超出法律限额的部分失去请求力,并不直接导致法律关系的设立、变更、终止和限制性债权的消灭。因此,海事赔偿责任限制更接近于抗辩权。对于国际航运业而言,统一立法对其发展意义重大。在航运资本要求下,航运发达国家应该担当起引领国际统一立法工作。但是国际统一化并非一蹴而就,而是一个缓慢而艰难的过程。在国际统一化的大背景下,无论是否缔结有关责任限制国际公约,各国在制定和修改国内责任限制立法时,也尽量与公约或海事惯例保持一致,这进一步促进了责任限制发的趋同。这亦给我国的海事立法指明了方向。由海事赔偿责任限制制度主体的扩大,可以预测该制度的发展趋势：从船舶所有人到船舶物权人——"shipowner"广义化；从直接责任人到责任中间人、转承人；从海运主体到海上活动主体。同时,由于立法的滞后性,许多立法后出现的新主体要求加入责任限制主体行列的呼声很高。限制性债权和非限制性债权的区分并非是对极思考的产物,不是非此即彼的关系,两者并非包含所有的海事债权。不纳入限制性债权范围的并非都是非限制性债权,恰恰相反,是以对非限制性债权进行明确的方式来“限制”限制性债权的范围。海事赔偿责任限制在不同的国家和地区,存在不同的演进和发展过程。就责任限制方式而言,居于主流地位的是金额制,其余责任限制方式已经或者正在逐渐退出历史舞台。
[Abstract]:Limitation of liability for maritime claims is the cornerstone of shipping order. As a legal system, it is a kind of special right in maritime law. It is a kind of legal privilege to the owner, charterer and operator of the ship. The limitation of maritime liability is to protect and promote the development of shipping industry by limiting the liability of ship owner and operator, reducing the risk of liability, and making the huge capital invested in shipping industry to be protected to a certain extent. The limitation of liability for maritime claims conforms to the actual situation of maritime transportation and is the concrete embodiment of the principle of fairness, and the limitation of liability for maritime claims is the reflection of the theory of personalization of ships. In judicial practice, the legal consequence of the exercise of the limited right of maritime liability is to make the part of the restrictive creditor's rights beyond the legal limit lose its claim power, which does not directly lead to the establishment, change, termination and elimination of the restrictive creditor's rights. Therefore, the limitation of liability for maritime claims is closer to the right of defense. For the international shipping industry, uniform legislation is of great significance to its development. Under the requirement of shipping capital, shipping developed countries should take the lead in international uniform legislation. But international unification is not an overnight process, but a slow and difficult process. In the general context of international harmonization, and regardless of the conclusion of relevant international conventions on limitation of liability, States, when formulating and amending their domestic legislation on limitation of liability, try to be consistent with the Convention or with maritime practice, This further promotes the convergence of liability restrictions. This also gives our country maritime law to point out the direction. From the expansion of the main body of the liability limitation system of maritime claims, the development trend of the system can be predicted: from the owner of the ship to the owner of the ship-"shipowner", from the direct responsible person to the intermediary of the responsibility, to the transferee; From maritime subject to maritime activity subject. At the same time, due to the lag of legislation, many new subjects after legislation demand to join the ranks of liability restrictions. The distinction between restrictive and unrestrictive claims is not the product of extreme thinking, nor the relationship between one and the other, and they do not contain all maritime claims. Those who do not come into the scope of restrictive creditor's rights are not all unrestrictive claims, on the contrary, they are "the scope of restrictive claims" in a clear way. Maritime liability is limited in different countries and regions, there are different evolution and development process. As far as liability limitation mode is concerned, it is the amount system that occupies the mainstream position, and the other liability limitation mode has been or is gradually withdrawing from the historical stage.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工程大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D996.19;D922.294

【引证文献】