论海运保函的法律缺陷和效力范围

发布时间：2018-05-14 05:37

本文选题：海运 + 保函　；参考：《外交学院》2000年硕士论文

【摘要】： 海运保函是国际海运业务中常见的信用单证。它与提单密切相关，因为克服了提单流转运作环节的问题，解决了航运和贸易之间衔接的矛盾，实现了国际贸易迅捷性和安全性的平衡，而在实践中被广泛加以运用。但是海运保函在目前的实践中遇到了一系列困难，使其效力成为国际航运业务中持久未决的问题。本文在分析了海运保函的产生原因后，分门别类地剖析了海运保函的性质、特点和固有缺陷，从平衡各方利益角度出发框定了合理实效的海运保函的绝对效力范围，特别强调实务操作应遵循区分善恶意基础上逐案分析认定的原则。本文主题共分为四部分。第一部分“海运保函的法律基础”，首先从案例入手反面阐明了海运保函的积极功效，而后主要从理论上分析海运保函的法律性质是什么；界定其定义是什么；其法律特征有哪些；现存效力法律依据有哪些。第二部分“海运保函的缺陷”，是论文深入环节，通过分析海运保函项下各方当事人承担的主观风险和受之于外界欺诈的影响，阐明了海运保函在平衡提单运行中失衡之处。第三部分“海运保函有限认定的效力范围”，是论文的主干部分。首先本部分着重分析了区析海运保函效力的认定标准，是强调届时原则与传统善、恶意原则的结合。对于依照该综合标准判定无效的海运保函，本文认为应按无效合同的处理原则处理；对于依照认定标准认定有效的海运保函，依照商法的“外观主义”原则，其效力含义是：仅对保函当事人有约束力，但不能对抗第三人。鉴于海运保函认定标准过于主观化，为了使海运保函在运作中防患于未然，增加安全性，本文简要地探讨了如何借助信用和证据的介入，使海运保函制度趋于完善的可行性。第四部分“两种典型海运保函的效力分析”，是本文对提货保函和清洁提单保函两种典型海运保函的细化分析，旨在寻求一种可操作的平衡各方利益的实际的、具体的认定规则。以上完成了对海运保函各方面的分析，最后一部分是结束语。如何认定海运保函一直是国际航运业有争议的话题，本文通过对两种观点的鉴别，通过对海运保函自身运行的平衡分析，得出结论：尽管海运保函存在一定问题，但鉴于它对航运与贸易的积极意义，，肯定其合理性、合法性，而且将其限定在一个安全、有效范围内，以杜绝其消极影响，是有益于实践的合理选择。
[Abstract]:Maritime letter of guarantee is a common credit document in international maritime business. It is closely related to the bill of lading, because the gram is the most important one.
The operation of the bill of lading has been solved, and the contradiction between shipping and trade has been solved.
The balance between the rapidity and safety of interregional trade is widely applied in practice. However, the maritime guarantee is in fact.
In the current practice, a series of difficulties have been encountered, making it an effective and unresolved question in international shipping business.
After analyzing the causes of the letter of guarantee, the article analyzes the nature of the letter of guarantee.
Characteristics and inherent defects, from the perspective of balancing interests of all parties, set a reasonable and effective maritime security letter.
The scope of effectiveness, with special emphasis on practical operation, should follow the principle of identifying cases based on good and evil.
The theme of this article is divided into four parts.
The first part is about the legal basis of maritime security.
Positive effects, and then theoretically analyze the legal nature of the letter of guarantee, and define it as a definition.
What are the legal characteristics and the legal basis of the existing effectiveness?
The second part is the defect of maritime security letter, which is an in-depth part of the paper.
The subjective risks and the effects of fraud on the part of the parties concerned are explained.
Unbalance in single operation.
The third part is the main part of the thesis.
This paper focuses on the analysis of the criteria for determining the effectiveness of the analysis of maritime transport bonds, emphasizing the principles and traditional good and evil intentions.
The combination of principles. For maritime security letters which are invalid according to the comprehensive standard, this article holds that it should be invalid.
In accordance with the principle of handling the same, the maritime letter of guarantee that is valid according to the standard of recognition shall be in accordance with commercial law.
The effectiveness of the doctrine of "doctrine" is that it is binding only on the parties to a letter of guarantee but not against the third party.
In view of the fact that the identification criteria of marine insurance are too subjective, it is necessary to prevent the maritime bonds from being in operation.
With security, this article briefly discusses how to make the maritime letter of guarantee system with the help of credit and evidence.
It is feasible to improve.
The fourth part, "the analysis of the effectiveness of the two typical maritime guarantees", is the letter of guarantee and the clean bill of lading.
The detailed analysis of the two typical letter of guarantee of maritime bonds is aimed at finding an operational balance of the interests of all parties.
The specific rules of identification.
The above part has completed the analysis of all aspects of the sea letter of guarantee, and the last part is the concluding remarks.
The letter of guarantee has always been a controversial topic in the international shipping industry. In this paper, we identify the two views and adopt the following
The balance analysis of the operation of the maritime security letter shows that although there are certain problems in the maritime letter of guarantee, it is difficult to learn.
In its positive significance to shipping and trade, it affirms its rationality and legitimacy, and limits it to one.
In order to eliminate its negative effects in a safe and effective way, it is a reasonable choice conducive to practice.

【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2000
【分类号】：D996.1

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